tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-86141134219245705602024-03-21T08:53:00.091-07:00Sports CriminologyThis blog examines crime in sport and uses sport to examine criminology and criminal justice. It is not a peer reviewed journal but it aims to some of that seriousness, only quicker! I'm a fan of criminology and of sport. If you are too; let me know, I may publish you.sports criminologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10498578238084789398noreply@blogger.comBlogger68125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8614113421924570560.post-73971555220350454512024-03-21T08:52:00.000-07:002024-03-21T08:52:04.164-07:00<p> <span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11px;">Cheating in spogomi</span></p>
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<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">I have written about Sport and Crime in <a href="https://policy.bristoluniversitypress.co.uk/sports-criminology"><i>Sports Criminology</i></a> and about <a href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203093658-38/matter-place-litter-criminology-criminal-justice-nic-groombridge">litter</a> as a criminological subject so was fascinated to hear about the new sport of <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2024/mar/15/experience-im-a-world-champion-litter-picker">spogomi </a>- competitive litter picking. I had already heard of <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/shortcuts/2018/feb/19/a-rubbish-way-to-get-fit-why-i-loved-going-plogging">plogging</a> its more recreational cousin that allows for running but not official competition.</p>
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<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">In my book I point out the many connections that might be made between the rules, regulation and judicial regimes of sport and those of the societies - increasingly global - in which they are located <span style="text-decoration: underline;">and</span> of criminology’s failure to address sport as a topic. I have a long history of addressing ecological issues in criminology (<a href="https://www.academia.edu/698685/Global_drug_solutions_the_green_and_the_white">drugs</a><i> </i>and <a href="https://www.academia.edu/698661/Corporate_Crime_an_Environmental_View">corporate crime</a> 1991!).</p>
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<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">In my book I mention a few ecological and green issues for sport, for instance the polluting effects of cars yet motor sport is lionised but its bad brother ‘joyriding’ (the subject of my <span style="text-decoration: underline;">PhD)</span> is damned.</p>
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">I touch on how a green criminology and a rural criminology may not agree on the ethics of blood/field sports but fox-hunting, badger-baiting and hare-coursing all have ecological consequences. And we should not forget the water usage of golf courses and the amount of concrete poured and air miles entailed by international competition.</p>
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<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">So what of spogomi? As a criminologist I immediately thought how might people cheat? The few <a href="https://hyperjapan.co.uk/spogomi-uk/rules-and-regulations/">rules of spogomi</a> suggest they thought some might:</p>
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<p style="background-color: white; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The distance between the first and last member should not be more than 10 meters apart.</p>
<p style="background-color: white; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The goal is reached when the last member crosses the finish line and reports to the judge standing at the finish line.</p>
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<p style="background-color: white; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Do not run (fast walking is allowed)</p>
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<li style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #383838;"></span><span style="background-color: white;">Walking: Method of movement with either foot on the ground at all times</span></li>
<li style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #383838;"></span><span style="background-color: white;">Running: a method of movement in which there is a moment when both feet leave the ground, float, or jump at the same time.</span></li>
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<p style="background-color: white; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">What not to pick up</p>
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<li style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #383838;"></span><span style="background-color: white;">Trash already in the trash bin</span></li>
<li style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #383838;"></span><span style="background-color: white;">Trash left at garbage collection points</span></li>
<li style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #383838;"></span><span style="background-color: white;">Trash that appears to be owned by others - judging from the surroundings (arranged and placed, signs of having been used recently, etc.)</span></li>
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<p style="background-color: white; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Bulky waste</p>
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<p style="background-color: white; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Large trash that does not fit into the garbage bags to be distributed (700 mm x 500 mm = 30 liters)</p>
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<p style="background-color: white; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Examples: batteries / fans / futons / cushions / fire extinguishers / concrete / blocks / safes / metal bars / tires / wheels / stoves / computers / strollers / rice cookers</p>
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<li style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #383838;"></span><span style="background-color: white;">Hazardous waste (syringes, broken glass, torn metal)</span></li>
<li style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #383838;"></span><span style="background-color: white;">Trash picked up by lifting road gutters and dovetails</span></li>
<li style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #383838;"></span><span style="background-color: white;">Do not leave the competition area</span></li>
<li style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #383838;"></span><span style="background-color: white;">Areas you are not allowed to enter</span></li>
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<li style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #383838;"></span><span style="background-color: white;">Rivers and oceans</span></li>
<li style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #383838;"></span><span style="background-color: white;">Private property</span></li>
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<p style="background-color: white; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">About the parking lot</p>
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<p style="background-color: white; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Coin-operated parking lots, although privately owned, shall be accessible due to their public nature that anyone can use them (parking lots exclusively for companies, organizations, etc. shall not be allowed).</p>
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<li style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #383838;"><b></b></span><span style="background-color: white;">Observe separation rules.</span></li>
<li style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #383838;"><b></b></span><span style="background-color: white;">Observe traffic rules.</span></li>
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<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">World Champion litter-picker, Sarah Parry, experienced another team trying to pick litter from their bag during the Championships in Tokyo. The story in<i>The Guardian </i>is pitched as quirky but clearly matters might get out of hand in a Squid or Hunger Games fashion with violence breaking out. But to draw back from my criminal catastrophising, what about the ecological issues?</p>
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<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Japan is famously tidy and litter free but without the authoritarianism of Singapore. I went to Japan to see the Rugby World Cup in 2019 (yes, my carbon foot print blown for a while) and saw little litter. On early morning jogs I did find groups - of mostly elderly people - litter picking voluntarily without threat of punishment or sporting inducement. I often pick litter myself and don’t like the idea of it being used as punishment. So I worry. Where did they find highly littered places in Japan (OK, Tokyo was slightly worse)? And did they they have to keep them littered until the day of competition? If this takes off will volunteers give up? And travelling half way round the world to pick litter? I look forward though to hearing of the first sporting scandal on spogomi.</p>
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<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">So spogomi is quirkily presented as a good thing for the environment but I prefer the more spontaneous and playful voluntarism of just picking it up and slam dunking it in the bin!</p>
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<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">In a moment of synchronicity I have discovered that <a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/s/ref=dp_byline_sr_book_1?ie=UTF8&field-author=Madeleine+Orr&text=Madeleine+Orr&sort=relevancerank&search-alias=books-uk">Madeleine Orr</a> was coming to the <a href="https://www.hayfestival.com/p-21897-madeleine-orr.aspx">Hay Festival</a> to discuss her book <i>Warming Up: How Climate Change is Changing Sport.</i> I live nearby and now have tickets so we’ll see if we have common ground.</p>sports criminologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10498578238084789398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8614113421924570560.post-3655657326477208382022-10-04T06:24:00.003-07:002022-10-04T06:24:28.499-07:00Review of Chapter 8 Sport and Crime<p> <b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px;">Chapter 8 Conclusion (Even) further towards a critical criminology of sport</b></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Clearly I agree with their contention that their book, like mine, offers a critical criminological take on sport and second that criminology gains from such an engagement.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">They suggest some emerging lines of enquiry (my numbering and apologies if I have missed one):</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">first the overlap with green criminologies (see <a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&redir_esc=y&id=7y_yDwAAQBAJ&q=groombridge#v=onepage&q=groombridge&f=false">Wilson and Millington, 2020</a>);</p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">second the growing penetration of the ‘Global South’ by mega-sports events;</p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">third the ongoing and growing surveillance involved in sex-testing and ‘gender verification’;</p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">fourth surveillance of fans and athletes in various ways which the Covid pandemic has exacerbated with its own legacy.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">They conclude that there is an ‘intriguing and potentially rewarding challenge for scholars of criminology and sport alike’.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">In their book they have advanced a critical criminology of sport with some intensive case studies. Mine was more focussed on arguing there was a pitch on which us criminologists might play (or frolic).</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">I agree with their hopes but would want to specifically add a critical engagement with trafficking and slavery to studies of mega-events and of the ‘Global South’.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">If evaluations of sport as cure or cause of crime/violence are made these are broad-based and take account of wider structural issues as well as individuals.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">All in all I’m very happy to have handed the baton to Millward <i>et al</i> so - like the clapped out old ‘father’ Avi Brisman has identified me as - I might shower off and retire to the stands to cheer on the next runners.</p>sports criminologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10498578238084789398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8614113421924570560.post-59982516099351047622022-10-03T06:35:00.005-07:002022-10-04T06:25:50.607-07:00Review chapter 7 Sport and Social Harms - Qatar and World Cup 2022 in Focus<p> <b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px;">Chapter 7 Sport and Social Harms - Qatar and World Cup 2022 in Focus Crimes of the Powerful (2)</b></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-kerning: none; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/feb/23/revealed-migrant-worker-deaths-qatar-fifa-world-cup-2022">6,500 migrant workers die </a></span><span style="font-kerning: none;">yet no national or international law is broken! (Pattinson and McIntyre, 2021)</span></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-kerning: none;">Millward et al turn to zemiology and the social harm perspective to examine this. I agree their arguments for this and history of these concepts but feel that issues around sports washing might have been brought in too (<a href="https://repositorio.iscte-iul.pt/handle/10071/22176"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Søyland, 2020</span></a>).</span></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-kerning: none;">The history includes the foundation of a critical criminology, its examination, by some, of white-collar crime and the work of Hillyard <i>et al</i>. They also add in ‘relational sociology’ with a nod to Simmel. A prime example is the Hillsborough disaster but other examples come from ice-skating ‘accidents’ to Russian state-sponsored homophobia in that sport are touched on.</span></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-kerning: none;">The meat of the chapter is Qatar and its multiple engagements with sport from its ownership of soccer club, Paris St Germain, to the hosting of 85 different major sports events (<a href="https://www.academia.edu/9740060/Investing_in_sporting_success_as_a_domestic_and_foreign_policy_tool_the_case_of_Qatar"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Reiche, 2015</span></a>) since 1988.</span></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-kerning: none;">There are questions - as there often are - about how the votes were secured. Moreover, how does sharia law square with the ‘party’ atmosphere normally surrounding such mega events including some shirt and stadium sponsors like Budweiser. Homophobia may be normal in football but it is inscribed in law in Qatar.</span></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-kerning: none;">Amongst the human rights issues is the kafala system of labour relations which ties the migrant worker to the employer. This has not provided adequate safeguards for such workers. The chapter comments critically on these issues and makes much use of <a href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde22/4614/2021/en/"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Amnesty International</span></a>’s reports.</span></p>sports criminologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10498578238084789398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8614113421924570560.post-34214480167606045072022-09-30T04:20:00.002-07:002022-09-30T04:20:32.125-07:00Review of Chapter 6 of Sport and Crime<p> <b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px;">Chapter 6 Cultural Criminology, Sport and Transgression</b></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The chapter opens with <a href="https://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/23501_01_Ferrel_Ch_01.pdf">Ferrell et al’s (2008)</a> discussion in cultural criminology of informal fighting which opens that invitation to cultural criminology. But Millward <i>et al</i> note that the connection directly to sport is not made. This chapter rides the contradictory ambiguous line between sport and violence. This is fully in line with my work.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Millward <i>et al</i> examine the history of cultural criminology. My own journey involves studying sociology and popular culture as an Open University student on courses imbued with the work of Stuart Hall and feel all of my criminology has taken account of cultures.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">This culminated in my PhD on joyriding set in the context of the wider ‘car culture’. I did not use the term ‘edgework’ but did cite <a href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315095202-20/squaring-one-percent-biker-style-selling-cultural-resistance-stephen-lyng-mitchell-bracey">Lyng and Mitchell (1995)</a>. Millward <i>et al</i> focus on work on BASE jumpers and I make something of parkour and its move from outlaw status to ‘sport’ considered for the Olympics.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Millward <i>et al </i>go onto consider Mixed Martial Arts and even Bare-Knuckle Boxing. Clearly these tread that ambiguous line between legitimate and illegitimate violence (see also Dale Spencer and Karen Corteen’s chapters in <a href="https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/P/bo186919221.html"><i>Power Played</i></a> on MMA and wrestling respectively.</p>sports criminologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10498578238084789398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8614113421924570560.post-72112851287778283632022-09-29T03:19:00.003-07:002022-09-29T03:20:05.262-07:00Review of Chapter 5 Sport and Crime<p> <b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px;">Chapter 5 Modes of Surveillance, Governance and Surveillance in Sport</b></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">This chapter looks at the ‘security legacy’ that follows from hosting mega sorts events that involves a general surveillance of populations and the more individual surveillance, governance and policing of athletes bodies. I am glad to see attention to the mundane as well as the exceptional.</p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The work of <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Megaevents-and-Modernity-Olympics-and-Expos-in-the-Growth-of-Global-Culture/Roche/p/book/9780415157124#">Roche (2000)</a> on the Berlin (1936) and Barcelona (1996) is highlighted and borrowing from Critical Security Studies safety and security at mega events is considered before examining three aspects of sports surveillance: 1) for ‘safety’ and ‘security’; 2) ‘lateral surveillance’ and 3) of athletic bodies and performance.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">So we need to be very careful in asking for whom security and safety are promised and on what terms. So we see how ‘hooliganism and ‘terrorism’ are utilised. Intriguingly by Baudrillard to call out Mrs Thatcher’s terrorism against the miners but most often by states to impose security apparatus that lingers on in legacy form. And, it might be said, to blame hooliganism for all problems in sport and specifically Liverpool fans. They note also the confluence of discourses around hooliganism and terrorism.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The promised legacy of mega events rarely occurs but the that of surveillance lingers on. Even one-off events like a Champions League final or Super Bowl often leads to greater surveillance. Though I would suggest some cities are now so densely surveilled that the presence or effect of additional surveillance might be difficult to assess. And, anecdote again, my attendance at the Rugby World Cup suggested to me that Tokyo city was so large that the the event was barely noticed beyond the stadium and fan zone. But note Millward <i>et al </i>quote South Wales Police on the use of a Champions League Cup in Cardiff to <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-39735637">‘test and prove concepts’</a>. However, this did not go well <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-west-wales-44007872">(BBC, 2018)</a> and was critically contested by fans and commentators.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Much is made of the use of CCTV and it would have been nice if some of material on this were quoted. For instance <a href="https://ojs.library.queensu.ca/index.php/surveillance-and-society/article/view/3392">Crime control or crime culture TV?</a> and <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=15038958889277520159&hl=en&oi=scholarr">As Easy as AB and CCTV</a> one of the first pieces of work on such matters (1994!).</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The encouragement for players or fans to inform on each other is pictured as ‘peer monitoring’ or '<a href="https://ojs.library.queensu.ca/index.php/surveillance-and-society/article/view/3359">lateral surveillance</a>'.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">As my talk to UEFA shows (see above) I am particularly concerned for the rights of athletes in their own right but also down the line of all of us. It is interesting to see that the ‘whereabouts’ procedures are described as ‘draconian’ by <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/feb/06/andy-murray-drugs-tennis">Andy Murray</a>. We keep less tight tabs on convicted dangerous and sexual offenders.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">I think Millward <i>et al</i> are right to note the greater impact of many of these things in the global south. But within the global north they note disparities with the National Basketball Association’s dress code squarely aimed at the many young black athletes on their rosters (see Kennedy and Silva, 2020 on similar in the National Hockey League).</p>sports criminologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10498578238084789398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8614113421924570560.post-42318225127173981302022-09-27T07:24:00.004-07:002022-09-27T09:48:35.898-07:00Review of chapters 1-4 of Sport and Crime Millward, Ludvigsen and Sly<p> <a href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781003276791/sport-crime-peter-millward-jan-andre-lee-ludvigsen-jonathan-sly" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">Sport and Crime: Towards a critical criminology of sport</a></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">It might be unusual to start with mentioning the acknowledgements in a book review but here we go.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/staff/profiles/social-policy/kelly-laura.aspx">Laura Kelly</a></span> and <a href="https://www.durham.ac.uk/staff/e-k-poulton/#research-interests">Emma Poulton</a> are mentioned as originators of the idea for this book and I can attest that ten years ago I advised Routledge to publish it. The book in hand is the successor text to that sadly unpublished one.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">And to look even earlier in the book we might ask why the book is in sport and leisure series not a criminology one?</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">But as the <i>Oxford Handbook of Sports History</i> (Edelman and Wilson, 2017) contains only 4 mentions of ‘crime’ and one of the grand texts aimed at criminology students (Newburn, 2013) barely mentions sport we should not be surprised.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">I am extremely grateful to <a href="https://research.edgehill.ac.uk/en/persons/andrew-millie">Andy Millie</a> for pushing me and Bristol University/Policy Press for bearing with me in getting my book accepted as a criminology one.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">And whilst we are still looking at such ephemera I must take issue with the claim ‘that this is the first book to fully explore the connections between sports studies and criminology’ (website and back-of-book blurb!).</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>Introduction</b></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">I am cited on page 1 in the Introduction as noticing the ‘sheer potential for a distinctive criminology of sport’. I am mentioned amongst a number of others who I also acknowledge - such as <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Sport-in-Prison-Exploring-the-Role-of-Physical-Activity-in-Correctional/Meek/p/book/9780415716413">Meek (2013)</a> and <a href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203089156/sport-crime-reduction-geoff-nichols">Nichols (2010)</a>. I give a chapter to considering whether sport can prevent crime or rehabilitate the convicted as those two argue. I’m more equivocal. Millward <i>et al</i> engage in this debate in Chapter 4.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">They note <a href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/2154455033">Avi Brisman’s review of my book</a> in which he suggests my work was an ‘opening bell or starting pistol’ and likening me to a ‘father wanting acknowledgement of paternity without the responsibilities of child-rearing’. They are kinder but I’m going to admit Avi - who I know and respect - has me sussed, nearly. I am staking a claim - hence my eye-brow raising at the claim that this book is the first. But unlike a stern father I don’t seek to lay down the law and terrorise my children but keep a kindly, perhaps avuncular or god-parental, eye on what is going on in the playground. I’ve always had a ludic intent to my work. </p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">So whether as parent, uncle or god-father I am engaging strongly in this review and have also provided the afterword for <a href="https://www.ubcpress.ca/asset/81713/1/9780774867818_excerpt.pdf">Power Played</a> edited by <a href="https://www.kings.uwo.ca/academics/faculty-info/member-profile/?doaction=getProfile&id=dsilva28">Derek Silva</a> and <a href="https://www.kings.uwo.ca/academics/faculty-info/member-profile/?doaction=getProfile&id=lkenne56">Liam Kennedy</a>.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Millward <i>et al</i> are hopeful of the future of connections to be made between studies of sport and criminology. They kindly note my emphasis on mundane acts as well as spectacular or scandalous ones involving elites; for instance, they give an example of the banning of skateboards in Norway between 1978 and 1989. I agree their conclusion that ‘the relationship between ‘crime’ and ‘sport’ is so <i>diffuse, contested and broad</i>’ (p5). I would add that our relationship as people and criminologists is similarly <i>diffuse, contested and broad.</i></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">My book took a critical criminological stance, even critiquing sports and theories I favoured but also attempted to set out how a variety of criminologies might be applied to sport. Millward <i>et al</i> dive right in so spend some of the introduction setting out some critical points.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Those critical points are:</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">1)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>there is a starting point in my work and that of others and</p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">2)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09627251.2012.695499?journalCode=rcjm20">citing</a> Francis (2012) they note ‘sport is and always will be harmful’ and</p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">3)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>those harms include dead workers on Qatar’s World Cup stadia (which they take up <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>in Chapter 7) and increased control and surveillance at sports mega-events (taken <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>up in Chapter 5)</p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">and 4) critical criminology has become diffuse and disputed. Sport makes a ‘novel entry <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>point’ (p6).</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Chapter 2 then provides further history of critical criminology and its scant engagement with sport.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Chapter 3 looks at white collar crime and crimes of the powerful in sport. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the Fédération internationale de Football Association (FIFA).</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Using a Foucauldian lens, sports based interventions (SBIs) are examined in Chapter 4. They are found to mask social inequalities and control whilst providing isolated cases of ‘success’ (p9).</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Critical Security Studies inform Chapter 5’s examination of sport mega-events but also of athlete’s bodies.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Drawing on ‘edgework’ Chapter 6 looks at mixed martial arts, bare-knuckle boxing and other extreme sports.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Chapter 7 focusses on the upcoming football Word Cup in Qatar and the social harms caused by it.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Chapter 8 sums up and offers a research agenda. I’ll check it against mine in (<a href="https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/a-research-agenda-for-global-crime-9781786438669.html">Hall and Scalia, 2019</a>).</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">I’ll review a chapter at a time over the next few weeks.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>Chapter 2 - Sport and the Criminological Imagination</b></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">For criminology theory nerds chapter 2 offers a friendly history of some of the rifts (schisms?) in critical criminology from the work of Taylor, Walton and Young onward. I did my Masters and <a href="https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/6692/">PhD </a>at Middlesex University when Jock Young, John Lea and Roger Matthews were setting out a ‘left realist’ criminology opposed to right and administrative ones. I recall that at European events friendly but competitive relations were maintained with ‘left idealists’. Vincenzo Ruggiero provided a consistent sociological critique. (He was also my internal examiner. Tony Jefferson the external.) </p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">I feel my criminology to be balanced (?) between ‘realist’ and ‘idealist’ but broadened to include green and sexuality perspectives and possibly tempered by spending 20 years as a Home Office administrative and policy civil servant. I was lucky to know, but never work with, Tim Newburn, Ben Bowling, George Mair and Marian Fitzgerald and did work for Mike Hough when he was moonlighting as a pen-pusher.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The roots of my green and queered perspectives on criminology derive from my <a href="https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/6692/">PhD on joyriding</a>. I focussed on how similar joyriding was to the advertised pleasures of legal driving and how ungreen that was. Also the mainly young male joyriders seemed to have some anxieties around their masculinity. The fieldwork took place in ‘motor projects’ and some of this eventually found its way into my book years later. This will feed into my discussion of Millward <i>et al</i>’s chapter 4.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Whilst I hope that sports criminology is more than the extant studies of football hooligans I have to recognise with, Millward <i>et al</i>, that Taylor’s work on this topic is important. His first <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.3138/9781442654044-027/pdf">thoughts</a> might be seen to be neo-marxist or left idealist in casting football hooligans as resistant ‘class warriors’ whereas his later accounts - moving in a realist direction - misread the <a href="https://newleftreview.org/issues/i177/articles/ian-taylor-hillsborough-15-april-1989-some-personal-contemplations.pdf">Hillsborough disaster</a>.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Taylor applied a critical criminology to a sport he loved. Few others did. We don’t get to find out how Millward <i>et al</i> relate to sport as participants or spectators. I have sometimes wondered if the lack of criminological engagement with topics close to our hearts like driving and car use has been an <a href="https://www.academia.edu/17472515/Ambivalent_Criminology_Have_you_stopped_driving_your_car_Paper_given_to_BSC_Conference_LSE_2007">ambivalence</a> which I think also applies to sport. They mention feminist critiques of left realism and other criminologies and suspect some feminists may not wish to engage with sport unless to note the masculinity of its adherents or the violence towards women of some sportsmen. </p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">I would have been happy if this chapter had just told us that few attempts had been made to look critically at sport, cited my work and a few others on this before discussing Taylor’s trajectory from an idealist critical criminology to a more realist one. That could have been folded into the first chapter leaving space for another chapter of critical criminological engagement with more sports.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>Chapter 3 Sport, Corruption and White-Collar Criminality’</b></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The chapter is sub-titled Crimes of the Powerful (1) and we get part 2 of that in Chapter 7.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The focus of this chapter is the proven and suggested corruption within the IOC and FIFA related to a far too close connection with various commercial interests. Most of this work has been done by investigative journalists.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">They use Sutherland to add a critical criminological edge to the work of the late <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/mar/27/andrew-jennings-obituary">Andrew Jennings </a>and co-writers. They open their chapter with a very lengthy, and thoroughly justified, quote from <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1001.9777&rep=rep1&type=pdf">Jennings (2011)</a> in which he opens by admitting he is a criminal. That is that those he seeks to investigate and have prosecuted are so powerful that they can define his activities as criminal but not theirs.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">I only briefly referred to Jennings in my work but I can now offer some personal thoughts on corruption. A quote from <a href="https://www.sportsintegrityinitiative.com/anti-doping-at-governance-and-regulatory-crossroads/">Andy Brown of the Sports Integrity Initiative</a> sets the scene.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Nic Groombridge, […] argued that current anti-doping rules are ineffective as a deterrent to doping, in parallel to the argument that laws on drugs are ineffective in deterring users from taking them.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">He argued that as in society, the focus should be on harm reduction rather than outright prohibition as the war on drugs has been lost. He explained that a needle exchange programme had found that 30% of needles tested showed use of performance and image enhancing drugs (PIEDs), illustrating that the public – and not just elite athletes – are widely using such substances.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Groombridge pointed out that athletes are an easier target to prosecute for PIEDS than the general public, as they too easily surrender their rights. Delegates argued that as athletes are involved in competition and the public are not, permitting them to take PIEDs risked forcing other athletes to do the same in order to stay competitive. </p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">This was at the 2018 UEFA Anti-doping Symposium. It was held at the Royal Institution and some of my reflections on this event are <a href="https://sportscriminology.blogspot.com/2018/">here.</a> So where was the corruption?</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We were all put up in a five star hotel and catered well. Since I had warned the organisers I was not proposing to say comforting things I was not expecting to be offered any work or contracts but the cosy international milieu suggested to me that had I cut my cloth to fit I might have secured preferment. They all largely agreed with each other and resented my suggestion that corruption was the worse problem. And that doping/anti-doping served - even if not deliberately - as a distraction from that. And the recent news about ongoing <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/sep/22/i-had-to-leave-concerns-raised-over-state-of-uefa-amid-cronyism-claims?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other">corruption in UEFA</a> backs this up.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">My association with penal charities and as an occasional lecturer with Kings College London has given me access to some high end law firms for wine and canapé type events and I always sense the power that flows through such places and the interconnections of powerful interests.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Being well fed and entertained is very nice as is being thought to have some significance if only for an hour or two is nicer. But it does not match up to ‘free shotguns, skis, clothing, video games, hunting trips, shopping sprees’ etc noted by <a href="https://www.versobooks.com/books/2105-power-games">Boycoff (2016)</a> that some IOC members received in Utah prior to Salt Lake City getting the Winter Games.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"> <b>Chapter 4 Governing Young People and Communities Through Sport</b></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Millward <i>et al</i> point us towards the work of <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14660970.2010.510731">Lauss and Szigetvari (2010)</a> who deploy a foucauldian concept of ‘Governing by Fun’ and other critical approaches are used to look at sport as a hook and general good thing (my coining). This is also picked up by <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0193723512467193">Kelly (2013)</a> who evaluates projects aimed at preventing crime or rehabilitating offenders in terms of: ‘sports for all’; ‘social cohesion’; ‘pathway to work’ and ‘giving a voice’ to young people.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">This illustrates the difficulty of determining what counts as ‘working’. And <a href="https://research.tees.ac.uk/en/publications/sports-based-intervention-and-the-problem-of-youth-offending-a-di">Chamberlain (2013)</a> is rightly cited as noting that many evaluations are not robust and rely too often on anecdote.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">As a Home Office civil servant in the Probation Service Division I funded a number of projects under the Supervision Grant Scheme (SuGS, named by me for Madness frontman). Amongst the schemes funded were some sports ones and several motor projects which took convicted offenders and young people seen to be ‘at risk’.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">I left to take my <a href="https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/6692/">PhD on car crime</a> and my two fieldwork sites were at motor projects that I had visited often before. As a side project I undertook an ‘evaluation’ of one. Clearly it was impossible to indisputably impute any reduction in offending to attendance at the Motor Project. Especially since this might just be one evening a week with no added educational or rehabilitative modules or packages. Though anecdotally know some of those attending seriously reduced their taking of cars but continued to offend (ordering 'weed' by phone whilst be interviewed by me in their home).</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">My cultural criminological take didn’t seek to say whether the projects worked in strict crime reduction/prevention or even foucauldian fun terms but interrogate why the ‘homeopathic/naturopathic’ solution to car crime was seen to be limited access to cars. I concluded that the problem of car crime could only be seen in addressing the wider ‘car culture’. This lead in the direction of <a href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315093390-24/masculinities-crimes-environment-nic-groombridge">‘green criminology’</a> and through an interest in masculinities (tip of the hat to <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Just-Boys-Doing-Business-Men-Masculinities-and-Crime/Newburn-Stanko/p/book/9780415093200">Tim Newburn and Betsy Stanko</a>) onto<a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/a010361"> ‘queering criminology’</a>.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">If working with cars and occasionally racing them (only some motor projects allowed this) did work it seemed to me it did so by (re)integrating the young men into a ‘car culture’ which was still problematic. I met only ever one young woman at a project, and she may have been ‘at risk’ but car-obsessed rather than a joyrider. I accept that a foucauldian fun/governance framework could be applied to such projects but that the ‘norm’ they are to internalise need challenging. To be clear that norm is the use of cars as transport and (as advertised) the means to fulfil our dreams. See my <a href="https://www.academia.edu/17472515/Ambivalent_Criminology_Have_you_stopped_driving_your_car_Paper_given_to_BSC_Conference_LSE_2007" target="_blank">Ambivalent Criminology – ‘Have you stopped driving your car?’ Paper given to BSC Conference LSE 2007</a>'</p><p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The sports-based interventions that Millward <i>et al</i> review should stand a better chance of ‘working’ as more ‘work’ is done for those attending beyond the ‘hook’ of sport and yet beyond anecdote few can.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The fun/governance nexus is further explored in respect of fan zones and here I can offer another anecdote.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">In 2019 I went to Japan for the Rugby World Cup. I saw Wales beat Georgia and Australia in early rounds. I attended fan zones prior to and post match for those events. I also saw more matches from later rounds at a fan zone in Tokyo, particularly enjoying watching Japan progress. I more my Japan rugby shirt and enjoyed drinks and chats with English, Welsh, Scottish and American fans.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Since I was not likely to start any fighting I’m not sure I needed governing through fun (Japanese boy bands anyone?) but certainly prefer that to be governed in ‘unfun’ ways. We do need to remember that the ‘fun’ of projects or zones is often condemned by those with more straight forwardly punitive views. On fan zones think we need work on researching differences between the different audiences for live and zoned sports and between different sports.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Obviously discussion of fan zones and the Rugby World Cup lead us into their fifth chapter.</p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p>sports criminologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10498578238084789398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8614113421924570560.post-53422463895383138712022-09-25T05:41:00.001-07:002022-09-25T05:41:24.890-07:00Review of 'Sport and Crime: Towards a critical criminology of sport'<p> <a href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781003276791/sport-crime-peter-millward-jan-andre-lee-ludvigsen-jonathan-sly" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px;">Sport and Crime: Towards a critical criminology of sport</a></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">It might be unusual to start with mentioning the acknowledgements in a book review but here we go.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/staff/profiles/social-policy/kelly-laura.aspx">Laura Kelly</a></span> and <a href="https://www.durham.ac.uk/staff/e-k-poulton/#research-interests">Emma Poulton</a> are mentioned as originators of the idea for this book and I can attest that ten years ago I advised Routledge to publish it. The book in hand is the successor text to that sadly unpublished one.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">And to look even earlier in the book we might ask why the book is in sport and leisure series not a criminology one?</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">But as the <i>Oxford Handbook of Sports History</i> (Edelman and Wilson, 2017) contains only 4 mentions of ‘crime’ and one of the grand texts aimed at criminology students (Newburn, 2013) barely mentions sport we should not be surprised.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">I am extremely grateful to <a href="https://research.edgehill.ac.uk/en/persons/andrew-millie">Andy Millie</a> for pushing me and Bristol University/Policy Press for bearing with me in getting my book accepted as a criminology one.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">And whilst we are still looking at such ephemera I must take issue with the claim ‘that this is the first book to fully explore the connections between sports studies and criminology’ (website and back-of-book blurb!).</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>Introduction</b></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">I am cited on page 1 in the Introduction as noticing the ‘sheer potential for a distinctive criminology of sport’. I am mentioned amongst a number of others who I also acknowledge - such as <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Sport-in-Prison-Exploring-the-Role-of-Physical-Activity-in-Correctional/Meek/p/book/9780415716413">Meek (2013)</a> and <a href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203089156/sport-crime-reduction-geoff-nichols">Nichols (2010)</a>. I give a chapter to considering whether sport can prevent crime or rehabilitate the convicted as those two argue. I’m more equivocal. Millward <i>et al</i> engage in this debate in Chapter 4.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">They note <a href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/2154455033">Avi Brisman’s review of my book</a> in which he suggests my work was an ‘opening bell or starting pistol’ and likening me to a ‘father wanting acknowledgement of paternity without the responsibilities of child-rearing’. They are kinder but I’m going to admit Avi - who I know and respect - has me sussed, nearly. I am staking a claim - hence my eye-brow raising at the claim that this book is the first. But unlike a stern father I don’t seek to lay down the law and terrorise my children but keep a kindly, perhaps avuncular or god-parental, eye on what is going on in the playground. I’ve always had a ludic intent to my work. </p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">So whether as parent, uncle or god-father I am engaging strongly in this review and have also provided the afterword for <a href="https://www.ubcpress.ca/asset/81713/1/9780774867818_excerpt.pdf">Power Played</a> edited by <a href="https://www.kings.uwo.ca/academics/faculty-info/member-profile/?doaction=getProfile&id=dsilva28">Derek Silva</a> and <a href="https://www.kings.uwo.ca/academics/faculty-info/member-profile/?doaction=getProfile&id=lkenne56">Liam Kennedy</a>.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Millward <i>et al</i> are hopeful of the future of connections to be made between studies of sport and criminology. They kindly note my emphasis on mundane acts as well as spectacular or scandalous ones involving elites; for instance, they give an example of the banning of skateboards in Norway between 1978 and 1989. I agree their conclusion that ‘the relationship between ‘crime’ and ‘sport’ is so <i>diffuse, contested and broad</i>’ (p5). I would add that our relationship as people and criminologists is similarly <i>diffuse, contested and broad.</i></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">My book took a critical criminological stance, even critiquing sports and theories I favoured but also attempted to set out how a variety of criminologies might be applied to sport. Millward <i>et al</i> dive right in so spend some of the introduction setting out some critical points.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Those critical points are:</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">1)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>there is a starting point in my work and that of others and</p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">2)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09627251.2012.695499?journalCode=rcjm20">citing</a> Francis (2012) they note ‘sport is and always will be harmful’ and</p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">3)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>those harms include dead workers on Qatar’s World Cup stadia (which they take up <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>in Chapter 7) and increased control and surveillance at sports mega-events (taken <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>up in Chapter 5)</p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">and 4) critical criminology has become diffuse and disputed. Sport makes a ‘novel entry <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>point’ (p6).</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Chapter 2 then provides further history of critical criminology and its scant engagement with sport.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Chapter 3 looks at white collar crime and crimes of the powerful in sport. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the Fédération internationale de Football Association (FIFA).</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Using a Foucauldian lens, sports based interventions (SBIs) are examined in Chapter 4. They are found to mask social inequalities and control whilst providing isolated cases of ‘success’ (p9).</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Critical Security Studies inform Chapter 5’s examination of sport mega-events but also of athlete’s bodies.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Drawing on ‘edgework’ Chapter 6 looks at mixed martial arts, bare-knuckle boxing and other extreme sports.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Chapter 7 focusses on the upcoming football Word Cup in Qatar and the social harms caused by it.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Chapter 8 sums up and offers a research agenda. I’ll check it against mine in (<a href="https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/a-research-agenda-for-global-crime-9781786438669.html">Hall and Scalia, 2019</a>).</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">I’ll review a chapter at a time over the next few weeks.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>Chapter 2 - Sport and the Criminological Imagination</b></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">For criminology theory nerds chapter 2 offers a friendly history of some of the rifts (schisms?) in critical criminology from the work of Taylor, Walton and Young onward. I did my Masters and <a href="https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/6692/">PhD </a>at Middlesex University when Jock Young, John Lea and Roger Matthews were setting out a ‘left realist’ criminology opposed to right and administrative ones. I recall that at European events friendly but competitive relations were maintained with ‘left idealists’. Vincenzo Ruggiero provided a consistent sociological critique. (He was also my internal examiner. Tony Jefferson the external.) </p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">I feel my criminology to be balanced (?) between ‘realist’ and ‘idealist’ but broadened to include green and sexuality perspectives and possibly tempered by spending 20 years as a Home Office administrative and policy civil servant. I was lucky to know, but never work with, Tim Newburn, Ben Bowling, George Mair and Marian Fitzgerald and did work for Mike Hough when he was moonlighting as a pen-pusher.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The roots of my green and queered perspectives on criminology derive from my <a href="https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/6692/">PhD on joyriding</a>. I focussed on how similar joyriding was to the advertised pleasures of legal driving and how ungreen that was. Also the mainly young male joyriders seemed to have some anxieties around their masculinity. The fieldwork took place in ‘motor projects’ and some of this eventually found its way into my book years later. This will feed into my discussion of Millward <i>et al</i>’s chapter 4.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Whilst I hope that sports criminology is more than the extant studies of football hooligans I have to recognise with, Millward <i>et al</i>, that Taylor’s work on this topic is important. His first <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.3138/9781442654044-027/pdf">thoughts</a> might be seen to be neo-marxist or left idealist in casting football hooligans as resistant ‘class warriors’ whereas his later accounts - moving in a realist direction - misread the <a href="https://newleftreview.org/issues/i177/articles/ian-taylor-hillsborough-15-april-1989-some-personal-contemplations.pdf">Hillsborough disaster</a>.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Taylor applied a critical criminology to a sport he loved. Few others did. We don’t get to find out how Millward <i>et al</i> relate to sport as participants or spectators. I have sometimes wondered if the lack of criminological engagement with topics close to our hearts like driving and car use has been an <a href="https://www.academia.edu/17472515/Ambivalent_Criminology_Have_you_stopped_driving_your_car_Paper_given_to_BSC_Conference_LSE_2007">ambivalence</a> which I think also applies to sport. They mention feminist critiques of left realism and other criminologies and suspect some feminists may not wish to engage with sport unless to note the masculinity of its adherents or the violence towards women of some sportsmen. </p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">I would have been happy if this chapter had just told us that few attempts had been made to look critically at sport, cited my work and a few others on this before discussing Taylor’s trajectory from an idealist critical criminology to a more realist one. That could have been folded into the first chapter leaving space for another chapter of critical criminological engagement with more sports.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>Chapter 3 Sport, Corruption and White-Collar Criminality’</b></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The chapter is sub-titled Crimes of the Powerful (1) and we get part 2 of that in Chapter 7.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The focus of this chapter is the proven and suggested corruption within the IOC and FIFA related to a far too close connection with various commercial interests. Most of this work has been done by investigative journalists.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">They use Sutherland to add a critical criminological edge to the work of the late <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/mar/27/andrew-jennings-obituary">Andrew Jennings </a>and co-writers. They open their chapter with a very lengthy, and thoroughly justified, quote from <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1001.9777&rep=rep1&type=pdf">Jennings (2011)</a> in which he opens by admitting he is a criminal. That is that those he seeks to investigate and have prosecuted are so powerful that they can define his activities as criminal but not theirs.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">I only briefly referred to Jennings in my work but I can now offer some personal thoughts on corruption. A quote from <a href="https://www.sportsintegrityinitiative.com/anti-doping-at-governance-and-regulatory-crossroads/">Andy Brown of the Sports Integrity Initiative</a> sets the scene.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Nic Groombridge, […] argued that current anti-doping rules are ineffective as a deterrent to doping, in parallel to the argument that laws on drugs are ineffective in deterring users from taking them.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">He argued that as in society, the focus should be on harm reduction rather than outright prohibition as the war on drugs has been lost. He explained that a needle exchange programme had found that 30% of needles tested showed use of performance and image enhancing drugs (PIEDs), illustrating that the public – and not just elite athletes – are widely using such substances.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Groombridge pointed out that athletes are an easier target to prosecute for PIEDS than the general public, as they too easily surrender their rights. Delegates argued that as athletes are involved in competition and the public are not, permitting them to take PIEDs risked forcing other athletes to do the same in order to stay competitive. </p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">This was at the 2018 UEFA Anti-doping Symposium. It was held at the Royal Institution and some of my reflections on this event are <a href="https://sportscriminology.blogspot.com/2018/">here.</a> So where was the corruption?</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We were all put up in a five star hotel and catered well. Since I had warned the organisers I was not proposing to say comforting things I was not expecting to be offered any work or contracts but the cosy international milieu suggested to me that had I cut my cloth to fit I might have secured preferment. They all largely agreed with each other and resented my suggestion that corruption was the worse problem. And that doping/anti-doping served - even if not deliberately - as a distraction from that. And the recent news about ongoing <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/sep/22/i-had-to-leave-concerns-raised-over-state-of-uefa-amid-cronyism-claims?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other">corruption in UEFA</a> backs this up.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">My association with penal charities and as an occasional lecturer with Kings College London has given me access to some high end law firms for wine and canapé type events and I always sense the power that flows through such places and the interconnections of powerful interests.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Being well fed and entertained is very nice as is being thought to have some significance if only for an hour or two is nicer. But it does not match up to ‘free shotguns, skis, clothing, video games, hunting trips, shopping sprees’ etc noted by <a href="https://www.versobooks.com/books/2105-power-games">Boycoff (2016)</a> that some IOC members received in Utah prior to Salt Lake City getting the Winter Games.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p>sports criminologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10498578238084789398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8614113421924570560.post-71371239752094698222022-09-18T04:02:00.001-07:002022-09-18T04:02:37.824-07:00 Sport and Crime: Towards a critical criminology of sport review of intro and chapter 2<p> <a href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781003276791/sport-crime-peter-millward-jan-andre-lee-ludvigsen-jonathan-sly" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px;">Sport and Crime: Towards a critical criminology of sport</a></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">It might be unusual to start with mentioning the acknowledgements in a book review but here we go.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/staff/profiles/social-policy/kelly-laura.aspx">Laura Kelly</a></span> and <a href="https://www.durham.ac.uk/staff/e-k-poulton/#research-interests">Emma Poulton</a> are mentioned as originators of the idea for this book and I can attest that ten years ago I advised Routledge to publish it. The book in hand is the successor text to that sadly unpublished one.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">And to look even earlier in the book we might ask why the book is in sport and leisure series not a criminology one?</p>
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<p style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">But as the <i>Oxford Handbook of Sports History</i> (Edelman and Wilson, 2017) contains only 4 mentions of ‘crime’ and one of the grand texts aimed at criminology students (Newburn, 2013) barely mentions sport we should not be surprised.</p>
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<p style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">I am extremely grateful to <a href="https://research.edgehill.ac.uk/en/persons/andrew-millie">Andy Millie</a> for pushing me and Bristol University/Policy Press for bearing with me in getting my book accepted as a criminology one.</p>
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<p style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">And whilst we are still looking at such ephemera I must take issue with the claim ‘that this is the first book to fully explore the connections between sports studies and criminology’ (website and back-of-book blurb!).</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>Introduction</b></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">I am cited on page 1 in the Introduction as noticing the ‘sheer potential for a distinctive criminology of sport’. I am mentioned amongst a number of others who I also acknowledge - such as <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Sport-in-Prison-Exploring-the-Role-of-Physical-Activity-in-Correctional/Meek/p/book/9780415716413"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">Meek (2013)</span></a> and <a href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203089156/sport-crime-reduction-geoff-nichols"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">Nichols (2010)</span></a>. I give a chapter to considering whether sport can prevent crime or rehabilitate the convicted as those two argue. I’m more equivocal. Millward <i>et al</i> engage in this debate in Chapter 4.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">They note <a href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/2154455033"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">Avi Brisman’s review of my book</span></a> in which he suggests my work was an ‘opening bell or starting pistol’ and likening me to a ‘father wanting acknowledgement of paternity without the responsibilities of child-rearing’. They are kinder but I’m going to admit Avi - who I know and respect - has me sussed, nearly. I am staking a claim - hence my eye-brow raising at the claim that this book is the first. But unlike a stern father I don’t seek to lay down the law and terrorise my children but keep a kindly, perhaps avuncular or god-parental, eye on what is going on in the playground. I’ve always had a ludic intent to my work. </p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">So whether as parent, uncle or god-father I am engaging strongly in this review and have also provided the afterword for <a href="https://www.ubcpress.ca/asset/81713/1/9780774867818_excerpt.pdf"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">Power Played</span></a> edited by <a href="https://www.kings.uwo.ca/academics/faculty-info/member-profile/?doaction=getProfile&id=dsilva28"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">Derek Silva</span></a> and <a href="https://www.kings.uwo.ca/academics/faculty-info/member-profile/?doaction=getProfile&id=lkenne56"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">Liam Kennedy</span></a>.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Millward <i>et al</i> are hopeful of the future of connections to be made between studies of sport and criminology. They kindly note my emphasis on mundane acts as well as spectacular or scandalous ones involving elites; for instance, they give an example of the banning of skateboards in Norway between 1978 and 1989. I agree their conclusion that ‘the relationship between ‘crime’ and ‘sport’ is so <i>diffuse, contested and broad</i>’ (p5). I would add that our relationship as people and criminologists is similarly <i>diffuse, contested and broad.</i></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">My book took a critical criminological stance, even critiquing sports and theories I favoured but also attempted to set out how a variety of criminologies might be applied to sport. Millward <i>et al</i> dive right in so spend some of the introduction setting out some critical points.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Those critical points are:</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">1)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>there is a starting point in my work and that of others and</p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">2)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09627251.2012.695499?journalCode=rcjm20"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">citing</span></a> Francis (2012) they note ‘sport is and always will be harmful’ and</p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">3)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>those harms include dead workers on Qatar’s World Cup stadia (which they take up <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>in Chapter 7) and increased control and surveillance at sports mega-events (taken <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>up in Chapter 5)</p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">and 4) critical criminology has become diffuse and disputed. Sport makes a ‘novel entry <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>point’ (p6).</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Chapter 2 then provides further history of critical criminology and its scant engagement with sport.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Chapter 3 looks at white collar crime and crimes of the powerful in sport. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the Fédération internationale de Football Association (FIFA).</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Using a Foucauldian lens, sports based interventions (SBIs) are examined in Chapter 4. They are found to mask social inequalities and control whilst providing isolated cases of ‘success’ (p9).</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Critical Security Studies inform Chapter 5’s examination of sport mega-events but also of athlete’s bodies.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Drawing on ‘edgework’ Chapter 6 looks at mixed martial arts, bare-knuckle boxing and other extreme sports.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Chapter 7 focusses on the upcoming football Word Cup in Qatar and the social harms caused by it.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Chapter 8 sums up and offers a research agenda. I’ll check it against mine in (<a href="https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/a-research-agenda-for-global-crime-9781786438669.html"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">Hall and Scalia, 2019</span></a>).</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>Chapter 2 - Sport and the Criminological Imagination</b></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">For criminology theory nerds chapter 2 offers a friendly history of some of the rifts (schisms?) in critical criminology from the work of Taylor, Walton and Young onward. I did my Masters and <a href="https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/6692/"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">PhD </span></a>at Middlesex University when Jock Young, John Lea and Roger Matthews were setting out a ‘left realist’ criminology opposed to right and administrative ones. I recall that at European events friendly but competitive relations were maintained with ‘left idealists’. Vincenzo Ruggiero provided a consistent sociological critique. (He was also my internal examiner. Tony Jefferson the external.) </p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">I feel my criminology to be balanced (?) between ‘realist’ and ‘idealist’ but broadened to include green and sexuality perspectives and possibly tempered by spending 20 years as a Home Office administrative and policy civil servant. I was lucky to know, but never work with, Tim Newburn, Ben Bowling, George Mair and Marian Fitzgerald and did work for Mike Hough when he was moonlighting as a pen-pusher.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The roots of my green and queered perspectives on criminology derive from my <a href="https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/6692/"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">PhD on joyriding</span></a>. I focussed on how similar joyriding was to the advertised pleasures of legal driving and how ungreen that was. Also the mainly young male joyriders seemed to have some anxieties around their masculinity. The fieldwork took place in ‘motor projects’ and some of this eventually found its way into my book years later. This will feed into my discussion of Millward <i>et al</i>’s chapter 4.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Whilst I hope that sports criminology is more than the extant studies of football hooligans I have to recognise with, Millward <i>et al</i>, that Taylor’s work on this topic is important. His first <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.3138/9781442654044-027/pdf"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">thoughts</span></a> might be seen to be neo-marxist or left idealist in casting football hooligans as resistant ‘class warriors’ whereas his later accounts - moving in a realist direction - misread the <a href="https://newleftreview.org/issues/i177/articles/ian-taylor-hillsborough-15-april-1989-some-personal-contemplations.pdf"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">Hillsborough disaster</span></a>.</p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Taylor applied a critical criminology to a sport he loved. Few others did. We don’t get to find out how Millward <i>et al</i> relate to sport as participants or spectators. I have sometimes wondered if the lack of criminological engagement with topics close to our hearts like driving and car use has been an <a href="https://www.academia.edu/17472515/Ambivalent_Criminology_Have_you_stopped_driving_your_car_Paper_given_to_BSC_Conference_LSE_2007"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">ambivalence</span></a> which I think also applies to sport. They mention feminist critiques of left realism and other criminologies and suspect some feminists may not wish to engage with sport unless to note the masculinity of its adherents or the violence towards women of some sportsmen. </p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">I would have been happy if this chapter had just told us that few attempts had been made to look critically at sport, cited my work and a few others on this before discussing Taylor’s trajectory from an idealist critical criminology to a more realist one. That could have been folded into the first chapter leaving space for another chapter of critical criminological engagement with more sports.</p>sports criminologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10498578238084789398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8614113421924570560.post-38554477895583005102020-03-22T15:16:00.004-07:002020-03-23T13:09:14.205-07:00Round 10 - ‘trapped’ in the gym (chapter 8) and After fight analysis<div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
Deborah argues, ‘Boxing traps men in a culture of ‘respect’ and constructs habits of proactive and reactive violence that at no always conducive to criminal desistance’ (p163) Or are they trapped in masculinity and boxing, joyriding or being a <a href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/160047935/brothers-in-crime"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">male criminologist</span></a> is just one way to do it?</div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">I start to wonder if ‘gym-life’ is so all-consuming it might be called a subculture in which ‘delinquent solutions’ are found (<a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wfreAQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Downes, 1966</span></a>) in which her boxers sought to ‘magically’ solve their problems (<a href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-25390-6_3"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Phil Cohen</span></a>) and <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-954X.1985.tb03306.x?journalCode=sora"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Sugden (1985)</span></a> calls boxing an ‘occupational sub-culture’.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?redir_esc=y&id=xn-4AAAAIAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=activity">Gilligan (1996) </a></span><span style="font-kerning: none;">is quoted on activity being seen as the mark of a man which brings me back to what I think is the point of my book that both crime and sport are gendered and gendering and valorise activity over passivity. The reason that sport can be both a cause of and cure for crime is that they are both lodged deeply in the construction of society. Boxing cannot, and should not be expected to, cure society.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Knife and gun crime get a mention with attempts to encourage the use of ‘gloves no guns’ and #putdowntheknivesandputonthegloves. I can’t find any source online but I recall in my youth depictions in popular culture of ‘dastardly foreigners’ - doubly unmanly because devious and not English - resorting to knives whereas the upright English hero only used his fists and strictly according to the Queensbury’s rules.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Referring again to the code of the street Deborah notes it, ‘made violence permissible when it was employed as a resource for enforcing and upholding ideas around interpersonal violence’ (p167) ie it was in some way ‘not crime’.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">In policy terms, if boxing is to be supported it must, sit alongside more therapeutic and pro-social identity change mechanisms’ (p171). But there are ‘no magic solutions’ (p173) - for the men or policy makers. </span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Throughout I’ve offered the odd thought. How am I going to score this?</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">I like the book and the subject which I see she has wrestled with. I hope it is clear this is an epistemological point not a ‘mansplaining’ one but as a man who has done martial arts and spent time in all-male bantering company I personally learned little but I think others will.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">You will see I clearly wanted the book to be twice as long and I’m going to blame the constraints of publishing but also the supervision process for a PhD. In my academic gym I’d run a different regime.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">The focus is narrowly on the gym and immediate surrounds. We get only brief glimpses of mothers, sisters and girlfriends/wives.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Feminism is mentioned and informs the book but a strong feminist analysis is avoided and issues of racism are absent.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">The desistance literature and (self) control theories are examined but a whole raft of other criminological theories might have been tested against the material including queer and cultural ones. Methodologically I wanted more reflexivity on the possibility of a woman being an ‘insider’ in such a setting.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Why nothing on crimes/deviance within boxing such as gambling and doping etc?</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">I fear that in addition to reviewing the book I’ve also strayed into attempting a secondary analysis of the data she presents. I have also highlighted some of my work but also of others that she has cited and some she has not.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">On the penultimate page she admits her love of boxing. I have made clear my ambivalence and perhaps it is for this reason that I feel she has ‘pulled her punches’ somewhat.</span></div>
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sports criminologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10498578238084789398noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8614113421924570560.post-40806038745518076962020-03-22T08:38:00.002-07:002020-03-22T08:38:44.090-07:00Round 9 - ambivalence (chapter 7)<div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
Deborah is clear that, ‘boxing, while incapacitating, offers nothing by way of cognitive transformation’ <a href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.468.7272&rep=rep1&type=pdf"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Giordano et al (2002)</span></a> (p133). Indeed, for some of the men, ‘boxing arguably creates as many (if not more) opportunities for extra-gym violence than is prevented in incapacitation in the gym’ (p133) It is the need for ‘respect’ that may outweigh any pro-social message of the gym. This might require Ricky to ‘crack’ someone, ‘before he cracked me’ (p137). </div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">From a queer/psychoanalytic perspective I’ve posited a fear of penetration in the men. Here I’m picking up on what Deborah says. Talking of ‘insults’ and ‘incidences of disrespect’ (which she describes as playful or in ‘jest’, p145) she opines, ‘insults of a disrespectful nature seemed to penetrate (sic!) the men deeply’ (p145).</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">The subject of white-collar boxing was scorned, indeed the jobs workers held were declared ‘shit’ (p148) suggesting that both crime and boxing were opposed to the world of boring work being told what to do.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Illegal, unregulated, unlicensed boxing gets a brief mention (p149) and again I’d like the thin line between legal and illegal violence to have been explored.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">And as promised in Round 6 we get back to Marcus. In the body of the text we are told that he felt that a police stop in his car was racist but admitted he’d, ‘spent a period of time in prison for a crime he “didn’t commit”’ (p153). I’m a great lover of a footnote but to wait until page 162 to discover he’d been accused of nine attempted murders and cleared his name after six months.</span></div>
sports criminologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10498578238084789398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8614113421924570560.post-29392951365967228532020-03-21T10:16:00.002-07:002020-03-22T08:39:04.151-07:00Round 8 - in which the appeal of the gym to Frank, Eric, Leroy and many others is considered (chapter 6)<div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
In this she explores the tensions between surface gratifications (my word) and deeper psychological motivations. This prompts one of the few mentions of boxing popular culture when the words of one man prompt her to mention the film <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WncSPrCNblQ"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><i>Fat City</i></span></a><i> </i>(p106) and apart from a mention of a <i>Rocky</i> (p110) poster that’s it for cultural references. I’ve not seen either yet <a href="https://oxfordre.com/criminology/criminology/abstract/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264079.001.0001/acrefore-9780190264079-e-277?rskey=1uaYFl&result=5"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">I (2017) </span></a>said this:</div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Boxing is a sport that has a long history of being illegal or involving illegality and continues to attract calls for its renewed criminalisation. Boxing’s home may now be in the USA but its original origins are in the UK. Even where it is legal, illegal versions still occur. Popular culture has continued to engage with both. Thus the <i>Rocky</i> (Avildsen, 1977) and multiple ongoing sequels lionises the brutality of the legal version and <i>Fight Club</i> (Fincher, 1999) the illegal - and illegality surrounds even the legitimate. Though a case might be made that sport is only the vehicle but the subject is actually masculinity - damaged and damaging.</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Obviously I’d be hard pushed not to mention Simon and Garfunkel’s <i>The Boxer</i> somewhere or sneak in a lyric.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Back to the homosocial, even homoerotic, we find Deborah noting:</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Interestingly, some men spoke of the boxing gym as they would a lover and discussed (without being aware) the sensual and erotic pull of pugilism: disclosing how the smell of sweat and the feel of skin contributes to the seduction of sport. (p106/7)</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">and offering these quotes from Baz and Sal (p107)</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">forget drugs, a good fight if the best buzz, up against the ropes toe to toe</span><br />
<span style="font-kerning: none;">it’s just you and him, puts you in a trance, like a form of dancing</span></blockquote>
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She relates this to <a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0fPwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40&dq=lyng+edgework+ferrell+hamm&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjWkZmS_KvoAhWzoXEKHcKpC3EQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=lyng&f=false"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Lyng’s (1998)</span></a> ‘edgework’. He uses the term ‘risky’ but she says ‘risqué’ and speaks of ‘preening and manly display’ and even the ‘carnivalesque’ (p107) which is all sounding very camp/very queer.<span style="font-kerning: none;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?redir_esc=y&id=qDhd138pPBAC&q=boxing#v=snippet&q=boxing&f=false">Goffman (1967:185)</a></span><span style="font-kerning: none;"> is cited on boxing being ‘where the action is’ and elsewhere extensively so feel I should mention <a href="http://researchprofiles.herts.ac.uk/portal/en/persons/elizabeth-pike(8361f704-be1d-44f6-a5f9-00534d39d9e5)/publications.html"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Prof Liz Pike</span></a> a sport sociologist with a keen interest in his work.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">She touches on her gender as potential obstacle to becoming an insider noting her presence ‘perturbed’ some and others ignored her (p114). I really want a whole chapter on this wrestling with <a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=oYMnAAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=cross+gender+ethnography&ots=5liTuba2tg&sig=bkroxfwoohLeKbEgQzM_ThuRCNE#v=onepage&q=cross%20gender%20ethnography&f=false"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">ethnography across gender</span></a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">On page 115 she does use the term ‘homosocial’ (no index entry) and she very much picks up on sexist and homophobic epithets, like ‘pussies’ and ‘bitches’, being used as means of dealing with the anxiety this induces in the men. And specifically mentions the men’s fear of becoming someone’s bitch and being ‘fucked’. She helpfully adds - in the sense of being beaten as opposed to penetrated. I disagree I think both a queer and psychoanalytic analysis would suggest this is exactly what they are psychically fearing.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">In round 6 I mentioned ‘religion’ and on page 117 she does same in similar vein plus ‘salvation from crime’ (p123).</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">She quotes Woodward (2004:7) that ‘boxing invokes hegemonic masculinity’ and I must disagree with his monolithic non-nuanced take on hegemony, a crude reduction. The ‘gangster’ contends with ‘the boxer’ for dominance in this milieu and as Deborah’s work shows this may even play out in the lives of the men in the narratives they use to construct their lives show.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Baz (p127) started boxing in jail and Ricky and he agree it kept them out. Prison gets mentioned periodically but I’d like to know her opinion on boxing in prison. She’s for boxing but not blind to its problems how about in prison?</span></div>
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sports criminologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10498578238084789398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8614113421924570560.post-29530242832170784932020-03-21T06:55:00.000-07:002020-03-22T08:39:24.636-07:00Round 7 - Leroy’s dad and grandfather (and Panto villain JRM introduced to make a point) (chapter 5)<div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
Leroy also boxed professionally, as had his father, but was less dismissive of the amateurs at the gym than most. He sees himself only as ‘street smart’ so his physicality is his only source of negotiable ‘capital’. His father and grandfather were both abusive and largely, or often, absent. Many boxers see such abuse as inherited. He still desired a,‘different scenario for my little lad’ (p92). </div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Leroy lived in a pub for while on a rough estate where his dad’s hard reputation was needed and she records him saying, ‘we had a dog, a pitbull, and that used to be involved in the fights (p86)’. Walking to school one might be robbed or see ‘cars blown up’ (p89). Is this dogfights or the dog weighing in on human ones? Either way some reference to Maria Kasperson on <a href="https://www.academia.edu/13022544/On_Treating_the_Symptoms_and_Not_the_Cause"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">dangerous dogs</span></a> or Simon Harding on <a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SU_qAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=status+dogs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwicgenD1KvoAhWGX8AKHSqRC_0Q6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=status%20dogs&f=false"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">status dogs</span></a> or even the mentions I make of cock and dog fighting might have been made.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Leroy had originally not wanted to be a boxer having seen his father come home ‘broken’ (p87) and I’m reminded of the accusation that the boxing impresario Don King, a successfully rehabilitated ex-convict, was someone who ‘for 15 cents will put boys in the ring and girls on the street’ (in <a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VGfSY_TeFoUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Tyson-Douglas:+The+Inside+Story+of+the+Upset+of+the+Century&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj9_5Pw1avoAhUlQUEAHXIXBkcQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=Tyson-Douglas:%20The%20Inside%20Story%20of%20the%20Upset%20of%20the%20Century&f=false"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Johnson and Long, 2008:122</span></a>). I conclude in my book that boxing is like sex work in its use of the body.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">At his first school his father’s fearsome reputation had some cachet but on a move to a more middle class school it held against him with teachers, perhaps sharing the belief in the heritability of violence, and fellow pupils unimpressed. I take this as an opportunity to point out differing and fluid hierarchies of masculinity contending to be hegemonic. For instance, Jacob Rhys Mogg’s posh languid style is often seen as effete (feminine) but he is rich, successful and has the balls to father many children. His lying on the benches of the Commons is a form of ‘trash’ talk. The violence he and his colleagues can unleash is structural not visceral. An ideologically-rendered invisible but toxic masculinity. Neither Deborah or I are going to be invited to do an ethnography of Eton as cause/cure of rampant villainy.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">We are told Leroy’s sister ‘felt less pressure … in defending the family name’ (p95)but guess a concern would have been shown should she dishonour it. We are reminded of <a href="https://www.richardsennett.com/site/senn/templates/general2.aspx?pageid=30&cc=gb"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Sennett and Cobb, 1973</span></a>) on the hidden injuries of class men like Leroy suffer. Their comments throughout about the place of women in society suggest they may also subscribe to a belief in the looming injuries of feminism. There is only one indexed mention of feminism (p23) and none of racism!</span></div>
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sports criminologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10498578238084789398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8614113421924570560.post-35293224261178259452020-03-20T06:02:00.001-07:002020-03-22T08:42:09.626-07:00Round 6 - Eric our Champion (chapter 4)<div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
Eric is not alone in having problems with his father but it is an issue picked out in this chapter. His father’s attempted strangling of him a feature. Many of the men at the gym were now fathers and not always making good on their promises to self to be better fathers. Earlier <a href="https://publicsociology.berkeley.edu/publications/producing/wacquant.pdf"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Wacquant (1995)</span></a> is cited on how trainers come to be seen as ‘fathers’. At one gym Eric felt a coach whom he had seen as a father used methods that amounted to bullying. As a coach he admitted he may now be doing the same. I might add from an oriental fighting perspective that such a person might be called ‘sensei’ or, to go back to religious metaphors, ‘holy father’? A whole psychodynamic reading on these men’s relation to their father might be merited.</div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">As a professional Eric had eventually won a British title but now coached at, and ‘<i>was</i> the gym’ (p63) spending every day there. He owns it jointly with Marcus (of whom more later). He is now 51 and was born to Jamaican parents. <a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0AIzUOMQjOoC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Wacquant</span></a> is quoted on boxing as a cult and throughout the book Deborah uses the terms, ‘monastic’ and ‘ascetic’ and from the nomenclature of desistance ‘redemption’ so I’m going to through in soteriology - the theology of salvation. <a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Boxing-Joyce-Carol-Oates/dp/0385238908/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=9780385238908&linkCode=qs&qid=1584707030&s=books&sr=1-1"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Joyce Carol Oates</span></a> is quoted on the sacrificial universe that is boxing. The boxers and their supporters have faith that boxing will or has saved them. Deborah and I are more agnostic.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">On the homosocial theme <a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Power_at_Play.html?id=Ky8uT6AILYQC&redir_esc=y"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Messner (1992)</span></a> is quoted on the ‘<i>covert intimacy’</i> of doing sport!</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Obviously I pick up on an early anecdote from Eric about being caught by the police whilst being carried in a stolen car because of the significance I give to cars in the formation of masculinities. Cars feature in several stories told to Deborah and guess a search through her fieldnotes might reveal more.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">We discover Eric had used his asthma inhaler between rounds which reminds me nothing I’ve read so far or peeking ahead and examining the index talks of performance or appearance enhancing drugs. Gyms are often sites of steroid abuse yet no mention.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">The abuse of the boxer’s bodies is, in a sub-heading, called ‘bulimic’, a ‘bodily destruction’ the need to make the weight requires dieting and surveillance of self that only a super-model might expect. Such concerns over one’s appearance is often societally coded as feminine or gay.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Eric, as many of the men, was quick to see disrespect and felt justified in using their physical capacity for violence to exact payback. Deborah calls this ‘transposable attitudes from ring to street’ (what critics of violent sport often focus on) but I know as ‘cultural spillover’ (see <a href="https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/ssj/13/1/article-p65.xml"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">this</span></a> on ice hockey but note also the ‘<a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/088626000015011006"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Super Bowl effect</span></a>’ etc).</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">The work of <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1741659009349243"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Winlow and Hall (2009)</span></a> feature strongly here and throughout the book. They are good on the viscerality of some men’s demeanour and here I might mention I’d not want to fight either of them. They theorise pugnaciouly. </span></div>
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sports criminologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10498578238084789398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8614113421924570560.post-36746227813768111112020-03-19T05:40:00.000-07:002020-03-19T05:40:05.446-07:00A brief reflection on homosociality in boxing and MMA<div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 12px;">
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As some of you might have noticed this is not just a review of Deborah Jump’s excellent <a href="https://bristoluniversitypress.co.uk/the-criminology-of-boxing-violence-and-desistance"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">The Criminology of Boxing, Violence and Desistance</span></a> but often a restatement of some of my own work. Indeed an attempt to clarify in my own mind some of these issues. Please join in on here or twitter. This little inter-round ‘ring girl’(?) does not relate to any particular chapter but to the theme of homosociality which I detect throughout but goes unnamed as far as I can determine currently.</div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">I offer no definition of my own other than to say I disliked the all male grammar school I attended, much of the all male Scouts and rugby. I see I only used the term once in my <a href="https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/6692/"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">PhD</span></a>, in a discussion on the extent of homophobia amongst the boys and young men.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">A quick look on Google Scholar for ‘homosociality boxing’ through up a number of items and I was intrigued by the following.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Bird’s (1996) <a href="http://www.bristol.ac.uk/media-library/sites/law/documents/Bird%20-%20Welcome%20to%20the%20Men's%20Club.pdf"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">WELCOME TO THE MEN'S CLUB Homosociality and the Maintenance of Hegemonic Masculinity</span></a> is clearly a starting point. She notes:</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">The men who described themselves as less competitive (or noncompetitive), on the other hand, explained that they considered the intensity with which other men engaged in competitions (especially sports) as relatively unimportant for them- selves. At the same time, however, these men recognized the expectations of masculinity to be competitive. One man explained, Guys don't know what it means not to be competitive. Even those men who tell you that competition is silly know they have to [compete]. It's like otherwise you're gonna get walked.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Silly me, I’m doing it now.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">I very much like Ungar’s recent PhD on <a href="https://edoc.hu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/18452/17268/ungar.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">The Boxing Discourse in Late Georgian England, 1780-1820: A Study in Civic Humanism, Gender, Class and Race</span></a> which makes extensive use of the term. His understanding of the hegemonic seems to accord with my own. For instance, ‘Politeness was “French” and foreign; boxing was “English” (p74). </span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Stenius (2015) also addresses homosociality in <a href="http://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:848305/FULLTEXT01.pdf"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">The Body in Pain and Pleasure An Ethnography of Mixed Martial Arts</span></a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Doubly interesting is Jennifer Ruth Lewis-Vidler PhD on <a href="https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/427317/1/LIBRARY_COPY_Jennifer_Lewis_Vidler_PhD_Thesis.pdf"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Traveller, Boxer and Fascist: The Identities of Joe Beckett</span></a> which deploys the concept liberally and has material on Tyson Fury.</span></div>
sports criminologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10498578238084789398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8614113421924570560.post-9253854794883699312020-03-19T04:14:00.000-07:002020-03-22T08:42:35.361-07:00Round 5 - our first contender, Frank (chapter 3)<div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 12px;">
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Frank’s narrative is the soteriological one of salvation through boxing, from identifying as a gang member to identifying as a boxer to the extent that he takes pleasure that people came use ‘Boxer’ as his name rather than Frank.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">He is 31 and has boxed since he was 12. As a young black man he had little trust in people from the Feds to Deborah herself, initially. His first experience was of boxing with others, who like him, had been excluded from school. He knew that some of them couldn’t take the physical demands. Which reminds me of <a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Cb2AAAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Cloward+and+Ohlin&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi89aP4mKboAhWwURUIHWr3DZsQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=sport&f=false"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Cloward and Ohlin</span></a> on illegitimate opportunities for crime/deviance not always presenting themselves. No boxing gym was available to me, nor would likely have succeeded, in my troubled teenage years. Becoming a discontented civil servant and then maverick academic has had mixed success in building my sense of self. Very much an ongoing project. Retirement requires a new narrative as we’ll see later in Eric’s story. Yes, I’ve peeked ahead.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Frank’s initial access to a gym was blocked by postcode rivalries. A gym in every ‘hood needed obviously. He is now settled in one gym where he trains others and earns his living as a bouncer. <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03057070.2016.1186859"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Shaw and Haysom (2016)</span></a> found organised crime connections between bouncers and boxing in South Africa, a ‘bouncer mafia’. For a bouncer boxing also serves as the necessary bodywork (a recurring issue throughout book). An investment of, ‘physical capital’ (p51).</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Prompted by Frank she notes, of all the men, ‘that their definition of respect meant the ability to intimidate and command fear’ (p52). In this search for respect Anderson’s <a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GlK6sXGrWtsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Code+of+the+Street+is+Key&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiC0ajcp6boAhUTM8AKHaltA2gQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=Code%20of%20the%20Street%20is%20Key&f=false"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Code of the Street </span></a>is key. And supporting Cloward and Ohlin’s view Frank has this to say about his opportunities, ‘Prison, death or shit jobs’ (p56). Perhaps part of the code of the streets is to think that there are jobs that are not shit. But in good news for the social control theorists Frank felt he’d found a ‘new crew’ (p56).</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">On the way back to the gym after one long interview in a nearby cafe Deborah and Frank came across a group of drunken youths who Frank felt were ‘eyeballing’ them. The moment passed so Frank refrained from, “‘fuckin’ them up”. It is not clear if this is just standard male paranoia or Frank’s own locally situated one but influenced by <a href="https://www.asu.edu/courses/fms504/total-readings/mulvey-visualpleasure.pdf"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Mulvey</span></a> I’d want to explore why, for many men, being looked at is like being screwed. His big body is meant to say don’t look at me as I am terrifying. But it also says I’m terrified that you’ll penetrate me and that’ll make me the punk. <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/a010361"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Perversely</span></a> I have written more in this queer vein elsewhere.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">In that work I said this:</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/799006?seq=1">Reiss</a></span><span style="font-kerning: none;"> likes to keep his animals in separate cages in the name of sociology. As he says: ‘From a sociological point of view, the peer–queer transaction occurs between two major types of deviators – ‘delinquent’ and ‘queers’(1968/61: 375)’. He sets out exceptions to the norms of the ‘peers’ and has this to say about their identity:</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Boys are very averse to being thought of in a queer role or engaging in acts of fellation. The act of fellation is defined as a ‘queer’ act. [. . .] Boys who accept the female role in sexual transactions occupy the lowest status position amongst delinquents. They are ‘punks’. (1968/61: 377)</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">This despite such exceptions to these norms as Danny S., leader of the Black Aces ‘a fighting gang’ who tells Reiss: ‘we all get blowed by this queer . . . we don’t get any money then . . . it’s more a drinking party’ (1968: 376). Or this on their experiences with a boxing instructor from the State Training School:‘He’s got a cabin up there on the creek and he blows us. But mostly we just drink and have a real good time’ (1968: 376).</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Which lead me to say over twenty years ago:</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Today we might want to go beyond interaction to the ‘interpenetration’ of these worlds, to examine what such sexual activity meant for them and how their views of homosexuality might be challenged by a boxing gay.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">And back to the homosocial Frank admits being a bouncer, working on the door, pays the bills but like the gym it’s where, ‘the boys hang out’ (p60).</span></div>
sports criminologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10498578238084789398noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8614113421924570560.post-38415556340323950052020-03-18T06:59:00.001-07:002020-03-22T08:42:53.452-07:00Round 4 (chapter 2)<div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-kerning: none;">Round 4 presents some challenges but not <a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ad%20hominem"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><i>ad hominem</i></span></a> ones</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">This chapter expands on much of what went before rendering some of my comments above redundant. She expands on the history, and notes, ‘boxing clubs have a long history of engaging young men’ (p17). I agree it is not just grant-seeking behaviour but often altruistic or enthusiast led. Some of my motor projects were like that but once established the need for funds sometimes required redrafting aims and objectives or nomenclature to secure funding (sometimes whilst carrying on as before).</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Much use of <a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VAVAAAACAAJ&dq=quest+for+excitement+sport+and+leisure+in+civilising+process&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi578iv-qPoAhXSQUEAHXMiAWgQ6AEICTAA"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Quest for Excitement: Sport and Leisure in the Civilising Process</span></a> and mention of ‘muscular christianity’ (p21)!</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">We then move into the sport and masculinity literature with Sabo’s <a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HQsoAQAAMAAJ&q=jock+sports+and+male+identity&dq=jock+sports+and+male+identity&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwidjN6u-6PoAhUQM8AKHc9eDJUQ6AEICTAA"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Jock: sports & male identity</span></a> and much Connell. She argues, and I completely agree, sport is, ‘a perfect starting point for investigation how individuals actively construct meaning around gender, power and masculinity’ (p24). Let’s hope this work and that of a few others will kick this off.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">I am taken with her brief use of Dutton’s <a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/The_Perfectible_Body.html?id=1FTDHAAACAAJ&redir_esc=y"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">The Perfectible Body: The Western Ideal of Physical Development</span></a> (who looked at bodybuilders and strippers) to say, ‘the masculine body moved from symbol of beauty to symbol of power’ (p25) as she also uses <a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Muscle.html?id=K8WZBgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=kp_read_button&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Fussell’s</span></a> book on bodybuilding (p30). No citation to hand (if you know of one please let me know) but I’ve always thought (my personal male perspective?) that bodybuilders and male strippers, however muscly, are like male models, ‘to-be-looked-at’ and therefore seen to be passive like women subject to the male gaze and not active male gazers. Whereas the scrawniest of boxers or mixed martial artists may be granted the title, ‘manly’.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">I don’t think she uses the term homosocial (not in index) but much of this seems to be about the problem of being largely in the company of men without being seen to be gay. I think we are are on the same page here as she quotes <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240710294_When_Bodies_are_Weapons_Masculinity_and_Violence_in_Sport"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Messner </span></a>thus, ‘being out there with the guys - being friends … [having] some kind of closeness’ (p27). She goes on to use him to argue that the ‘less skilled, less competitive boys’ could become alienated from the sport that might have shored up their masculinity. My joyriders were not sporty (other than illegal motorsporty) and tended to the ectomorphic rather than the traditional mesomorphic athlete/criminal.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Have to pull out this quote as I take it to be important:</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>I am still convinced that combat sports sport provides an arena in which men can deny <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>vulnerability, disavow anxiety and thus distance themselves from the intimate feminine <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>other and subsequent marginalised male (p32)</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">But add that <a href="http://www.britsoccrim.org/volume8/2Groombridge08.pdf"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">video-games</span></a> and e-sport now offering ways to fight and joyride digitally and even these may involve virtual and real offending. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2014/10/14/the-only-guide-to-gamergate-you-will-ever-need-to-read/"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Gamergate</span></a> gives no hope that these nerdier/wimpy men (hypomasculine?) are ready for disavowal. We shall see if she can flesh out the ‘how’ of this.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">See I’m cited (p35) in the section on sport as pro-social along with the cheerleaders for sport and social control theorists. Thought I’d done a better job than that of covering the field from biological to post-modern takes on sport and crime as cause/cure. Rightly lots of <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Sport-and-Crime-Reduction-The-Role-of-Sports-in-Tackling-Youth-Crime/Nichols/p/book/9780415396486"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Nichols</span></a> (2007) and <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/a-sporting-chance-an-independent-review-of-sport-in-justice"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Meek</span></a> (2018) and others but reviewing the literature Deborah finds, ‘little evidence that participation in sport offered new peer networks’ (p38) and, ‘the argument that an attachment to role models in the form of trainers or coaches immediately reduces delinquency is a common misconception’ (p39). Agreed.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">On sport as potential cause we have <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11133-009-9134-4"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Trimbur (2009:263)</span></a> noting, ‘One can be an accomplished drug salesman and Golden Gloves champion’ (p40) and <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/000312240707200503"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Kreager (2007:708)</span></a> ‘attests’ (p41), ‘by applying lessons learned from sports, athletes may perceive violence and intimidation as acceptable means of achieving of-field goals’. And boxers and participants in other ‘power sports’ may have a higher probability of being involved in violence (<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7892714_Participation_in_power_sports_and_antisocial_involvement_in_preadolescent_and_adolescent_boys"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Edreson and Olweus, 2005</span></a>).</span></div>
sports criminologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10498578238084789398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8614113421924570560.post-75327576516360668392020-03-17T09:21:00.000-07:002020-03-22T08:43:09.972-07:00Round 3 - in which we may trade some blows (chapter 1)<div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
I promised to float butterfly-like and not be bee-like but I do have to start with the title of this chapter, ‘Boxing as Sports Criminology’. I admit to being miffed. I called my book Sports Criminology, this blog Sports Criminology and regularly tweet using that hashtag so not to get a mention here is gutting.</div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">In my book I dance about the term never really settling (that butterfly again) but think I conclude, against the book’s own title, that there is no such thing as sports criminology just a big playing field called criminology in which sport and <a href="https://www.theplayethic.com/crime/"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">the ludic</span></a> should be taken seriously. Mind you I also argue against green and queer criminologies on the same basis but include both as perspectives in my own work. However, my efforts to break down inter- and intra- disciplinary barriers are usually ignored.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">A more dispassionate complaint is that I don’t think she actually engages with the term in the chapter or elsewhere. She discusses both the sport of boxing and criminology but never brings them together. Later in the chapter she uses a word I’ve never come across <a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/decussate"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">‘decussate’</span></a> (p14) in another context. Perhaps she has brought the lines of sport and criminology together on the page to form > < but not yet an X?</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">In her potted history we jump from ancient Greece to the 2012 Olympic Games with the perceived ‘civilising influence’ (p5) of boxing to the fore. She doesn’t use the term ‘muscular christianity’ and neither does Petty Officer Second Class Ian McCoy, of the U.S. Navy (a serendipitous discovery of mine) who only recently argued that '<a href="https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2019/december/boxing-can-boost-navys-fighting-spirit"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Boxing Can Boost the Navy’s Fighting Spirit</span></a>'.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Specifically he says:</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Boxing is the essence of the fighting <b><i>man</i></b> (my emphasis) the value is not that in the skill that is acquired though that too has real value for hand to hand combat, but because it quickly acclimates the body and mind to the violence and shock so foreign to modern day youth, yet so absolutely essential to fighting <b><i>men</i></b> (my emphasis) the history of boxing is essentially the story of the molding of the combative or fighting instinct of man into a moral substitute for war.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Yet the Navy Institute who host this website illustrate the article with a picture of two women fighting!</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Much of her fieldwork was done during the period around the 2012 Olympic Games and over six months she, ‘situated myself as a boxer’ (p6). She also reveals her history as a youth justice practitioner in reparation and rehabilitation. My own decision to study joyriding came from my Home Office days visiting probation led motor projects.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">She moves on to discuss boxing gyms as sites of research and notes <a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0AIzUOMQjOoC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Wacquant (2004)</span></a>, <a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_e1gDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA175&lpg=PA175&dq=boxing+masculinity+and+identity+the+Eye+of+the+Tiger&source=bl&ots=DRRUolsoC_&sig=ACfU3U0gewfYdp1g3GKE8oCTsH1qwIujgw&hl=en&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=2ahUKEwjVgN78_6DoAhUPlIsKHZjMCYIQ6AEwBXoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Woodward (2007)</span></a>, <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/298851219_Spatialities_of_Anger_Emotional_Geographies_in_a_Boxing_Program_for_Survivors_of_Violence"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Ingen (2011)</span></a>, and <a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Come_Out_Swinging.html?id=aHfRrnrtwT0C&printsec=frontcover&source=kp_read_button&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Trimbur (2013)</span></a>. She notes growth in numbers of registered boxers including increased numbers of women. Intriguingly she also mentions<a href="https://www.thomaspagemcbee.com/amateur"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"> Page McBee’s (2018)</span></a> account of becoming the first trans man to box competitively at Madison Square Gardens. Obviously much sports politics now concentrating on trans women but this case obviously touches on what it is to be a man as the sub-title screams, <a href="https://www.thomaspagemcbee.com/amateur"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Amateur: A True Story About What Makes a Man</span></a>. If I gave him the wool would he make me one? I hope to here more on these gender and sexuality matters.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">She picks out Anthony Joshua’s trajectory ‘From Drug Offences to Heavyweight Stardom’ <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/boxing/2016/04/06/the-making-of-anthony-joshua/"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">(Daily Telegraph, 6 April 2016)</span></a> as typical of the boxing saved me from jail narrative that sometimes serves as the only evaluation of the sport as a potential crime prevention/desistance measure. My version of this appears in chapter 7 of my book and references, by way of balance, Aaron King’s '<a href="https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1013180-10-best-boxers-who-went-to-prison"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">10 best boxers who went to prison’</span></a>. 4 years on I realise I’d wanted to explore Traveller boxers and wonder if this will arise. Tyson Fury is currently hitting the headlines in both sport and crime categories.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Before moving on to discuss her methods she asserts, ‘boxing and football came to be symbolic representations of working-class masculinity’ which prompts two thoughts. First to agree but then to want to separate boxing out as so much more involving - more total a way of life for some. Six months for her but longer for her subjects. Secondly to note the issue of a specific class-based masculinity because elsewhere in common with many she tends to elide masculinities into the ‘hegemonic’. Perhaps because I don’t own it as my masculinity or because of my exposure to Stuart Hall’s take on Gramsci adumbrated through OU courses I see even the hegemonic as contested. My nerdy wordy masculinity wouldn’t cut in the gym but on this blog maybe.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Methodology nerds only get a few paragraphs about narrative interviewing and citations of the work of her supervisor David Gadd on the importance of the psychosocial. Her question is ‘Tell me the story of how you became a boxer’ (p10) but I still want to know, beyond the few clues she gives, also how she came to want to do a PhD on boxing. On the question of the psychosocial also glad to see the External Examiner of my PhD Tony Jefferson cited.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">She then moves on to various theories of desistance and the age-curve question. She then foreshadows her individual chapters on Frank, Eric and Leroy. Frank ‘saw violence as a way to accrue respect and command obedience and Eric sought to build, ‘a carapace of muscle’ (p14). This reminded me of some women’s narratives of weight gain to protect them from the <a href="https://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2011/04/16/some-benefits-of-being-fat/"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">male gaze or expectations of femininity</span></a>. Leroy was seen to be trying to deal with ‘the hidden injuries of class’ (p14) (<a href="https://www.richardsennett.com/site/senn/templates/general2.aspx?pageid=30&cc=gb"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Sennett and Cobb, 1973</span></a>).</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Boxing we are rather dramatically we are told offers, ‘a distraction from the atrocities that these men may have faced’! We shall see.</span></div>
sports criminologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10498578238084789398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8614113421924570560.post-66508103206968483612020-03-16T10:20:00.001-07:002020-03-22T08:43:59.926-07:00Review of Deborah Jump's 'The Criminology of Boxing, Violence and Desistance - round 2 (introduction)<div style="background-color: white; color: #141414; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
Leaving James’s auto-picaresque tales we come to Deborah’s introduction and an update from ringside. Deb has tweeted me that she played rugby and trained to black belt in wushu kung fu. Given more space this might have featured in the ethnography chapters on Frank, Eric and Leroy. I think more space should be made for reflexivity in criminology generally and am disappointed it doesn’t get to feature here.</div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Glad to see she emphasises the violence of boxing and the need to ‘challenge masculine discourses in present within the gym’ that, ‘can compound violent attitudes and male domination’ (p1). Specifically she argues, ‘that the enclave of the gym and the majority of its members are actually compatible with violent criminogenic attitudes’ (p2). She sets out her intention to outline boxing and gyms as a suitable site for sociological research. Her theoretical base is in psychosocial approaches to desistance in which boxing is the ‘hook for change’ (<a href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.468.7272&rep=rep1&type=pdf"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Giordano et al, 2002</span></a>).</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">The motor projects I studied tended to assume the benefits (homeopathic?) of giving access to cars to those convicted of, or ‘at risk’ of, car crime offending. <a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/304613/Practical-approaches-theories-change-conflict-security-justice-prog.pdf"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Theories of change</span></a> evaluation was underdeveloped then and I handed out Home Office Probation Service Division grants on accounts, rough throughput figures, claims of reduced offending and occasional visits. Specific worked out theories of change seem to go beyond mere ‘hooking’ and we’ll see if these get mentioned explicitly later. They seem to be implicit in her argument so far. Thus she argues, ‘it is easy to fill boxing gyms with recalcitrant youth and walk away, hoping for for a more disciplined and respectful one to walk out’ (p2). Or again, she suggests, ‘we look more closely at the mechanisms’ (p3). I’d probably want to quote some <a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/jill-dando-institute/about-us/people/academic-staff/nick-tilley"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Nick Tilley</span></a> here. How do we test the idea that diluted violence can cure violence?</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">She talks rightly of the ‘Emperor’s new clothes’ (p3) but I know from my HO days (late ’80 to mid ‘90s) handing out grants of the pressure on organisations to have a good narrative and celebrity backers that may shade any proper evaluation. Moreover that might then have to be turned on its head if the grant regime changes. I had a budget to spend I admit I sometimes gave them hints.</span></div>
sports criminologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10498578238084789398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8614113421924570560.post-30771799709002349412020-03-16T04:13:00.002-07:002020-03-22T08:44:26.493-07:00Review of Deborah Jump's 'The Criminology of Boxing, Violence and Desistance - round 1 (foreword)<div style="background-color: white; color: #1a1a1a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-kerning: none;">I welcome this book, in part for selfish reasons but very much in its own right. My selfish reasons relate to my hope that this book shows I was right to try to tie sports sociology and law to a critical criminology (and tip of the hat to Andrew Millie and <a href="https://policy.bristoluniversitypress.co.uk/sports-criminology" target="_blank">Policy Press </a>for believing it too). In my book I suggest antecedents and like to see this and the work of <a href="http://sportscriminology.blogspot.com/2019/11/positive-response-to-kennedy-and-silvas.html%20http://sportscriminology.blogspot.com/2019/11/positive-response-to-kennedy-and-silvas.html"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Kennedy and Silva</span></a> as potential descendants.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">As this review is not for a journal I don't have to stick to a word limit or format. It also means I can be quicker. I propose to shamelessly deploy boxing and other sporting metaphors throughout.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Too great a use of social media and my own mental capacities mean that a short form suits me: let's call them rounds. I'll make a few jabs, possibly essay a combination, cover then withdraw, have my second towel me down before getting back off my stool.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">So seconds out round 1.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Stepping into the ring I find Jump has tagged James Treadwell in (see <a href="http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/7855/"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Corteen </span></a>on wrestling).</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">'Protect yourself at all times' opens his foreword and immediately he fesses up to his own fandom of and participation in the 'Sweet Science' and lifelong familiarity with boxing gyms.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">I did not. My sporting life was schoolyard soccer, rugby and judo before settling on running. Rugby carried on into my late 20s and I failed to 'protect myself' (no shin pads or gum shield then) but got more black eyes from occasional squash! My most martial activity was the judo. A small club with respect for each other and the Japanese origin of the sport. I fought young women and old men. Luckily groundwork didn't cause too much embarrassment from intimacy issues but I can now, in a Proustian moment, recall the alcohol-scented breath of one older man. The 30 seconds holding down required for ippon seemed an age.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">I mention my, and James’s, sporting life because I'm not sure we find out Deborah's but we shall see.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">James goes on to demonstrate the community of boxing globally and across criminal and non-criminal worlds. Like many men I can talk sport and for my <a href="https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/6692/"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">PhD</span></a> on joyriding and car culture, though no petrolhead, had to talk ‘car’. I kept my green reservations to myself in fieldwork and I'm sure I'd not mention Mayweather's domestic violence history or Pacquiao's tax affairs if talking to Australian gangsters.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Though I can talk sport, I’m not enthusiastic about all sport: motor racing for green reasons and boxing because I’m a pussy! Having established his hardman credentials James praises Deborah, seeing in her, ‘a once-in-a-lifetime prospect every coach seeks’. Clearly a <i>Million Dollar Book</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Most significantly he concludes, ‘Jump never falls into the trap of seeing boxing as a panacea for all social ills’, which is reassuring but I will also be looking to see how she deals with the opposite assertion that all sport is male violence and a cause of further violence - often against women and marginalised and demonised communities.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">I hope to float like a </span>dilettante butterfly but not sting like a provoked bee.</div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Obviously a deficiency of my approach is that I may pick up on a point in one round only to find that the counter-punch comes in the next. But I also hope that people may engage. I may have to change my stance, become a southpaw even.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Consider this sparring.</span></div>
sports criminologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10498578238084789398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8614113421924570560.post-5855014160345082872019-11-18T02:13:00.001-08:002019-11-18T02:13:53.162-08:00Positive response to Kennedy and Silva's sports criminology<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">In <b><a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1741659019883773" style="color: #954f72;">“Knuckle-Dragging Thugs”: Civilizing processes and the biosocial revolution in the National Hockey League</a><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Kennedy and Silva argue passionately to develop a critical criminology of hockey, and of sport more generally:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">They offer three ways forward in their conclusion:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">The first avenue is empirical; we must develop rigorous empirically driven analyses of how both discourses of crime and criminal justice and, perhaps more importantly, practices related to crime control operate within the field of sport. (…) Critical criminologists must therefore work tirelessly to develop a grassroots understanding of how these discourses and practices are developed, take shape, and circulate among increasingly large audiences.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">More specifically to our case study, a second agenda could focus on tracing out emergent and important overlaps, similarities, and juxtapositions in the ways we talk about crime and “justice” in hockey (and sport more generally, perhaps in other historically violent sports such as amateur and professional football and the increasingly popular sport of mixed martial arts) and the criminal justice system. For example, scholars may be interested in sketching out the ways in which governing authorities, like the NHL or other supplemental discipline apparatuses, and media adopt discourses traditionally the province of the criminal justice system to legitimize (or delegitimize) strategies, rationales, and practices of crime control (see Atkinson and Young, 2008, for an example).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Finally, we argue that we must work closely with the theories and concepts we generate in relation to—but also generated by—the world of sport. Reimagining sport as an important criminological field requires us to attempt to build on existing theories, or develop new ones, capable of understanding the unique role that sporting culture (particularly mass commercialized professional athletics) plays in (re)producing and reinforcing social inequality. Few cultural contexts reach as many focused consumers as sport does, and as such, we must welcome the challenge<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">of understanding discourses and practices of crime and criminal justice that operate in the arena, on the field or court, or in the stadium.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">As the author of <a href="https://policy.bristoluniversitypress.co.uk/sports-criminology" style="color: #954f72;">Sports Criminology</a> I have to agree and they kindly cite me. My book attempts to set out the potential field and sets many hares running. Kennedy and Silva have clearly come to their own formulation through their study of ice hockey rather than follow one of my fugitive trains of thought. They study how ice hockey ‘offenders’ are covered in the media. Common-sensical, neo-Lombrosan, bio-social tropes are to be found in much of the coverage. As critical criminologists they are keen to contest those.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">In an expansion of their work I would want to examine issues of gender, race, class and sexuality. The world of the NHL is overwhelming white but differences of coverage of native Canadians and Eastern European players might be useful but English Soccer and NFL offer more scope. I struggled to find much coverage of women’s sports offending but the case of Hope Solo suggests she may have enjoyed some gender benefits not available to Caster Semenya’s very different circumstances. I hope others will take up sports criminology and am glad to see the work of Atkinson and Young used so extensively as I hail them as sports criminologists <i>avant la lettre</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">You should check out <a href="https://youtu.be/BzqIoa5z8gs" style="color: #954f72;">Ice Guardians</a> for examples of the hits they are talking about but also a slightly different take and <a href="https://www.hockeyfights.com/" style="color: #954f72;">videos</a> like these on fights in ice hockey.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
sports criminologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10498578238084789398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8614113421924570560.post-14111048031331079492019-06-20T09:01:00.000-07:002019-06-20T09:01:39.609-07:00book chapter<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.6px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">Sport is widely admired but also derided. It is given enormous new and old media coverage. That coverage is skewed towards ‘male’, corporate and global sports. Some sports that were once only local are now seeking global audiences. There is also much critical academic attention paid to sport and money to be made in sports law. However, both localized and global criminologies have ignored sport, leaving it to other disciplines to support and critique it. This chapter seeks to remedy that and point out the extent of criminalized and criminal behaviour within and associated with sport. This offers scope for criminologists to examine the ‘foreign’ jurisdiction of sport while close to home. They must risk examining something of which they may well be fans.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 13.6px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">For fun chapter look at </span><br />
<h1 class="title text-headline" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: #3e5572; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 1.67em; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 0.333em; orphans: 2; padding: 0px 2em 0px 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; widows: 2;">
<a href="https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781786438669/9781786438669.xml" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; color: #a7abb2; outline: 0px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; width: auto;">A Research Agenda for Global Crime</a></h1>
sports criminologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10498578238084789398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8614113421924570560.post-37962899220236999092018-12-29T09:17:00.001-08:002018-12-29T09:17:11.049-08:00Seriously appreciating Avi Brisman's extended review of my book<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Arial; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Seriously appreciating Avi Brisman's extended review of my book <a href="https://policy.bristoluniversitypress.co.uk/sports-criminology"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Sports Criminology</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Avi’s review for <i>Critical Criminology</i> can be found <a href="https://t.co/6VvV38DoaR"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">here</span></a>. I largely agree with it and have thanked Avi profusely for taking my work so seriously. His is more than a review but a critical engagement with my work which finds fault but also finds something to commend. I’ll go through much of that but two main themes of criticism emerge:</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>my failure to mention certain issues and not others</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>and lack of critical criminology.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">To both I must plead lack of space but also take issue occasionally as we shall see. I had to cut about 10,000 words from the book so felt now might be the time to mention some of those issues too.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Avi very quickly spots that I don’t really define my terms in various places including specifically what I mean by sport or, particularly ‘sports criminology’. He notes my slipperiness around this but perhaps not my negative definitions ie what it is not. He does note, in my concluding chapter, my fear it will just become about football hooliganism. Luckily the Sage Dictionary of Criminology (forthcoming) required me to provide a definition:</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">A criminology of sport, games (including videogames, e-sports and fantasy sport), recreation and leisure. It draws upon but also critiques the sociology of sport and sports law. It studies harm to persons, environment and society whether criminalised by law outside of sport or within the rules of that sport. It also studies the national and international ‘justice’ systems of sport and their interplay with criminal justice.</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">But this is probably still too lose. My reluctance to be pinned to the mat or sacked is due to several issues:</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">a) my lazy/‘liberal’ reluctance to legislate, to lay down the law, etc (though I am available for refereeing)</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">b) my experience of what happens to my pat interventions within criminology (largely ignored or subverted).</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">c) for utterly instrumental purposes I sometimes combine the formally codified (by sports authorities and media) alongside informal ones (from jogging with friends to street brawling) and antique - but sadly ever present blood - sports to make further connections from sport to crime within society. You could call this cheating.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Turning now to lack of critical edge I’m going to largely accept and suggest I am very critical of sport despite being a fan (Spurs, Saracens, Seahawks) and one-time participant. I’m more critical of my own sports criminology:</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">this book has doubts about its own title. There has been much discussion of sport and of <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>criminology. Whether the book has successfully argued for a sports criminology is moot. (p157)</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">I immediately went on to say, ‘The intention has always been to avoid crimes merely associated with sport’ which is my reason for not picking up on the story of Reeva Steenkamp’s murder by Oscar Pistorius though I do explore other instances of athlete’s violence.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">In addition to these issues Avi picks up some specifics such as concussion etc in a whole section on ‘Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE), Violence and Biological Explanations of Criminality’ with lots of useful references. I do mention concussion briefly and cite <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260186486_The_Press_International_Perspectives_in_Victimology_Dying_to_Entertain_The_Victimization_of_Professional_Wrestlers_in_the_USA"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Corteen and Corteen</span></a> on the victimology of professional wrestlers. I return to the issue in my contribution to <a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dAVnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA223&lpg=PA223&dq=nic+groombridge+prison+sport&source=bl&ots=k9hq_ArvH2&sig=X8hxuU8yr8fZbNATa-4ednCliTQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi_uKS5v73fAhUCRxUIHUe4BQ84ChDoATAQegQICBAB#v=onepage&q=nic%20groombridge%20prison%20sport&f=false"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">A Companion to Crime, Harm and Victimisation</span></a> but while I am sympathetic to the turn to a (social) harm perspective it seems to me this is an issue that is now being taken seriously and medicine and civil law might take the lead for the moment. But again criminology needs to be an active spectator. My mention of biological theories is scant in the book.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">He also mentions protests by sportspeople and I fully agree they are potential subject for critical pushback against racist accusations and presumptions. Sports people are usually more docile, their submission to extreme surveillance and very rough justice systems is examined in the book and I expand on it in a <a href="http://sportscriminology.blogspot.com/2018/12/farting-in-church-doping-in-sport.html"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">blog here</span></a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Given our joint interests I very happy to see Avi’s extensive pitch for syntheses of green and sports criminology.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">One of my starting points for Sports Criminology was the consideration of videogames and I was sorry to cut so many mentions of that in the book. I can only refer you to <a href="http://britsoccrim.org/new/volume8/2Groombridge08.pdf"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Playing Around with Crime and Criminology in Videogames Exploring common themes in games studies and criminology</span></a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">I have also written on the overlaps between sport, crime and popular culture <a href="http://oxfordre.com/criminology/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264079.001.0001/acrefore-9780190264079-e-277"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">here</span></a>. Some very interesting prison movies that are sports movies examined.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Avi might have given me more praise for the sheer diversity of my sporting and academic sources that I hope others will pick up on.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">My concluding chapter also contains much on the issue of consent and how thinking about sport (and gay sex) can help us think through some of these issues.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">To answer Avi’s question yes I can be serious and he has taken me seriously. I do suggest in my book that the area has not been taken seriously because it is ‘just sport’ or even games. I sometimes think that criminology is sometimes ambivalent about things that are too close: car driving was my original thought (<a href="http://www.academia.edu/17472515/Ambivalent_Criminology_Have_you_stopped_driving_your_car_Paper_given_to_BSC_Conference_LSE_2007"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Ambivalent Criminology – ‘Have you stopped driving your car?’</span></a>) but peoples’ love of sport may prevent some seeing it as a potential subject for criminology.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">[I may return to his chapter summaries in a further blog]</span></div>
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<br />sports criminologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10498578238084789398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8614113421924570560.post-76476287606793487992018-12-09T09:33:00.001-08:002018-12-09T09:33:21.170-08:00Farting in Church: Doping in Sport<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;">I don't attend church or chapel but a couple of weeks ago it felt like I'd joined a sect or at least witnessed one: the Church of Anti-Doping. I farted there and, indeed, to see the way that some congregants reacted you’d think I’d crapped in the nave. UEFA called it, “</span><a href="https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/protecting-the-game/anti-doping/news/newsid=2583892.html" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">FA anti-doping summit issues call to 'catch the cheats’</span></a><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;">”. I’d been told it was a Symposium.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">When first approached I thought it was a scam or a wind up and also could not imagine they’d want my critical input. But no they definitely wanted my input as a criminologist and eventually was asked that my 25 minute presentation touch on these issues:</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">I was concerned that my opinions were being potentially constrained but come the day I had my say. Some of this comes through in this report from <a href="http://www.sportsintegrityinitiative.com/anti-doping-at-governance-and-regulatory-crossroads/"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Sports Integrity Initiative</span></a> of the Symposium. But, as my opening paragraph suggests it it did not go down well. I got into quite an argument with <a href="https://www.kellerhals-carrard.ch/en/jean-pierre-morand.html"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Jean-Pierre Morand</span></a>. He is very well connected as were many of those who attended. So well connected as to be deeply stitched into the sports law establishment. His patent disregard for any of my points - interrupting my presentation and hogging questions at the end - meant I was not at my coolest and eloquent in answering him and others.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">I posted on Facebook that day that I’d had quite a mauling but a few congregants did come up and talk to me during the drinks reception and show some support for some of my ideas or, at least, my temerity. Since then I’ve also tried to explain my position on doping/anti-doping (AD) to non-lawyer or criminology friends who saw the post and subsequent pictures of me being fierce. Trying to do this and taking into account the few friendly engagements plus <a href="http://www.sportsintegrityinitiative.com/world-anti-doping-code-needs-adapting-for-team-sports/"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">some parts of presentations</span></a> made by <a href="https://www.stir.ac.uk/people/256076"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Paul Dimeo</span></a> and <a href="https://www.josoorinstitute.qa/education-development/speakers/andreas-zagklis"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Andreas Zagklis</span></a> has lead me to blog this in the form of questions I’ve faced or have since asked myself. Perhaps I’d have been more persuasive if I’d done this earlier.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Deterrence?</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">I pointed out that there were many and varied opinions on deterrence but I argued that <b><i>criminology might be seen as the study of the undeterred</i></b>. Classicist and administrative criminology favours forms of rational sentencing and situational deterrence. These would seem to sit well with the rules-based nature of much sport - many of my questioners - clung to more authoritarian (irrational?) views of putting the fear of god into criminals/dopers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">From my green criminology I pointed out that doubling fines for litter didn’t seem that effective in deterring let alone doubling the deterrent threat. From football specifically I mentioned the extent of ‘diving’ (simulation of being fouled) having not been deterred by masses of witnesses (the crowd), the capable guardians of <a href="http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195396607/obo-9780195396607-0010.xml"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Routine Activity Theory</span></a> (the officials) or CCTV (the many broadcast cameras).</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Level Playing Field?</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">One justification for AD is that if one athlete dopes then the playing field for others is uneven. I turn that around and argue for an even playing field between athletes and non-athletes. AD causes a massive inequality between different classes of citizen. Even the low level at which I played my sport or even the most casual of observation would be that sport (like much of life) is not fair and often cements rather than ameliorates that unfairness.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cheating? </span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">I don’t believe anybody has ever managed to arrange for a 100 metre race to be only 90 metres for them alone but that would be cheating. But 200/400 track runners and sometimes others are judged to have stepped off line and therefore run shorter than other competitors. I’ve no reason to believe any of these have been with an intent to cheat. At school we were occasionally forced to do cross country and word was that some people cheated and cut corners. I didn’t, but understood this cheating was not to win or to prevent losing but simply and painlessly fulfilling the requirement to do it. However, as runners in the recent <a href="https://www.theweek.co.uk/98196/china-cracks-down-on-cheating-runners-after-shenzhen-half-marathon-scandal"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Shenzhen Half Marathon</span></a> showed some people do find ways to shorten their own course. Not to win but simply to be able to say that they completed it. It was cameras that detected (note not deterred) the cheating. I know I’d feel cheated if I discovered any of my marathon courses turned out to be measured as short.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Health?</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Criminologists know the extent to which ‘crime’ is highly relative. Crimes in one era or country may differ and sometimes your status may allow you to carry out actions that are crimes for others (age of drink, sex, voting etc). Studying the list of banned substances shows that doping/cheating can change over night - as Maria Sharapova knows to her cost. Many athletes take vitamins/supplements but these can be seen as gateways in the way that cannabis is sometimes alleged to be for hard drugs. What if vitamins were banned? If they truly work perhaps they should be.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">The tablets that WADA brings down from the mountain need to be swallowed with caution.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Team sports?</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Much of the second day was about the differences for team sports which encourage me to believe that my suggestion that football should go for Socexit from WADA-imposed individual sports templates. I suggested that England football team up against the ‘<a href="https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/diego-maradona-the-hand-of-god-the-most-infamous-goal-in/15sev9f2t2sn814f2n8d2ah3zc"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">hand of god</span></a>’ could have taken a truck load of drugs and still not won. Whereas individual drug use can be effective as the next section examines.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The athlete’s view?</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">A particular test for me of my views was hearing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Girard"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Christine Girard</span></a> speak. I know athletes are unlikely to appreciate my defence of their rights as many have bought into the obviousness of clean sport and the necessity of AD. Perhaps too they see no future for them or for sport if they become apostates. Christine spoke movingly about the justice she found in finally receiving medals and recognition when promoted to the podium many years because of the drug failures of others.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Clearly I don’t want to hurt her or suggest she is wrong but now I would suggest that despite being in a sport in which doping was known to be rife she did well and did not, in her terms, ‘cheat’. But participating in an unregarded sport in Canada she’d not have faced the same pressures as athletes under extreme State or Corporate pressure. It was not the AD system that deterred her.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Full time</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">In conclusion in addition to <a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Anti-Doping-Crisis-Sport-Consequences-Solutions/dp/1138681652"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Dimeo’s fault finding with the anti-doping system</span></a> I would add two additional reasons not to be cheerful which we’ll come to. He and Verner Møller set out these ‘inadvertent consequences of anti-doping’ whilst noting apropos deterrence that numbers of failed tests suggests little deterrence:</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">A super efficient testing system might be used to take out rivals by spiking their food/drink/<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>supplements etc. They give proved and alleged cases. But note that the strict liability approach is so central to anti-doping that such miscarriages of justice will continue. A team wishing to get out of an expensive contract might allow an athlete in their care to fail a test or the whereabouts requirements. A State-sponsored athlete who had displeased their sporting or political masters might be thrown under the bus to placate the demands of the anti-doping gods.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The growth of testing is matched by a growth in creating the undetectable by ‘doping <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>doctors’ and again they give examples. Read the book!</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">All of this leads to miscarriages of justice when innocent dopers are sacrificed on the altar of anti-doping. For instance, the widespread use of hormones in cattle-raising in many parts of the world have lead to failed tests. Such news lead to one participant in the seminar to opine that athletes would perforce have to become vegetarian. As a vegetarian that’s low on my list of human rights abuses but as argued above must concede that it is an abuse.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Close to this are issues of athletes privacy. The whereabouts rules are highly restrictive and convicted paedophiles in the community are subject to less scrutiny. There have been errors and unreasonable demands that would lead to an outcry if ‘the rest of us’ were subject to them. Christine Gerard did express here concern as a young woman being obliged to urinate in front of a stranger.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Which brings us to my additional thoughts. Dimeo and Møller couch their arguments in terms of inadvertence but I’d go further and suggest the occasional conspiracy but mostly the ideological issues.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">One of my concerns is the grim determination/desperation of athletes in clinging to the current system and embracing their own slavery to the dictates of AD. The levels of surveillance they endure and the abandonment of their own human rights makes me fear for my own. I do not believe that sports people are a deliberately sharpened thin end of an overweening totalitarian wedge but part of a societal trend which should be challenged. To coin an aphorism, <b><i>an elite athlete is someone you’ll do anything to win from taking drugs to giving up their own and others human rights.</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Again, there is no suggestion that this is a deliberate policy but the heat generated by AD policies and ritual denouncing of ‘drug cheats’ provides plenty of inadvertent cover for other activities and failures. Thus corruption, match-fixing and on-field cheating are downplayed. AD appears to offer an objective, scientific solution to a problem.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">In criminology there are arguments about whether prison works and if so how but a critical take is that prison is not meant to work as rehabilitation of, or deterrent to, the criminal but ideologically to justify punishment and oppression. AD is not so much meant to catch a few ‘evil’ or ‘dopey’ cheats but to discipline all athletes and, perhaps, all of us.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>After match analysis</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">You ask what does this all mean? One one hand the end of all professional sport <b>or</b> the recognition that we are talking about a branch of the entertainment industry and it the narrative that is important not the cleanliness of the actors. My appreciation of the <i>Tour de France</i> has not diminished in the least because of past drug scandals. Lance Armstrong won through a combination of things and his boorishness and consistency both spoiled the story.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">And let’s be clear, I’m not advocating doping. It is bad for you. Elite sport is bad for you.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">But perhaps as grown ups we might say we don’t need fairy tales and that we don’t believe the gods of WADA can save us.</span></div>
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sports criminologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10498578238084789398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8614113421924570560.post-49829120266499289012016-06-20T06:22:00.001-07:002016-06-20T06:22:34.714-07:00Index to my Sports Criminology<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-kerning: none;">To give you an idea of the breadth and depth of my book<a href="https://policypress.co.uk/sports-criminology" target="_blank"> Sports Criminology</a> here's the index</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Adams, Nicola<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>128, 143</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">administrative criminology 14, 58-59, 91</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">aerobics 144</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">aggression 9, 81-82, 84, 129, 134</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">alcohol 11, 17, 71, 87, 89-90, 110</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Algeria 114-115</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">All Party Parliamentary Group for Boxing (APPGB) 27, 126, 128-130, 143</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">amateur 2, 24-25, 29, 31, 34, 47-48, 67, 71, 112, 115, 117</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Amateur Athletic Union 24</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Amateur International Boxing Association (AIBA) 25, 117</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">American Football 32, 37, 43, 58, 65-66, 83, 86-87, 151</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">American Gaming Association 36</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) 20</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">amphetamine 47-48</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">anger management 144</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">anti-doping 5, 8, 48-49, 72, 98, 105-106, 109, 112-113, 120, 150</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">anti social behaviour 27, 132, 135</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Armstrong, Lance 38-39, 49, 107</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Association Football - see football and soccer</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">athletics vi-viii, 7, 18, 20, 33-34, 65, 67, 69, 82, 85, 97, 103, 108, 120</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 62</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Australian Rules football 20, 38</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Australia 1, 7, 38, 58, 89, 127, 137</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Australian Crime Commission 38</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Austria 114</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">‘autodressage’ 94</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Automobile Association 24</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">badger baiting 20, 95</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">badges for baseball 137</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">badminton 41, 114, 136</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">‘BadmintonGate’ 41</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">BALCO (Bay Area Laboratory Cooperative) 37</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Baltimore Ravens 119</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">baseball 2, 17-18, 28, 30-32, 34-35, 37-38, 51, 64, 68-69, 82, 106, 115, 117, 137, 149, 153-154</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">basketball vi, 2, 21, 32, 43, 51, 81-82, 84-85, 105, 115-116, 121, 129, 136-139, 154</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Beckham, David 53, 59</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">bellringing 2</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">betting 14-15, 20, 22, 28, 30, 32, 35-36, 38, 46, 50, 58, 77, 97, 116-118</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">biological positivism 60-61</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">‘biosocial’ 63</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">‘black letter’ law 6, 150</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">black masculinity 90</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Blatter, Sepp 5, 119</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">‘BloodGate’ 41, 43, 55</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">‘blood’ sports 17, 19, 93, 95</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Bollywood 28</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">‘boot camp’ 142</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">‘BountyGate’ 41, 42</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Bosman 5</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">bowling alley 29</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">boxing 1, 7, 14, 17, 23-27, 29, 38, 44, 57, 62, 64, 69, 88, 90, 92, 106, 115, 117, 121-132, 134, 136, 140-141, 143, 147, 149-151</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Boxing Academy 122, 130</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">boycott 4</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Brady, Tom 102</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">brain damage 62</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Brazil vi, 6, 44, 131</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">brawling 25, 88-89</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">bribery 14, 27, 114, 117, 157</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">bridge 2-3</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><i>Bring Back Borstal </i>122</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">British Athletics Federation (BAF) 108-109</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">British Boxing Board of Control (BBBC) 23</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">British Horseracing Authority (BHA) 116</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Brown, Dr. Jeffrey S. 110</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Bryant, Kobe 37-38</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Bubka, Sergey 103</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">bull baiting 20</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">bull dog 20</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">caffeine 47</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><i>Calcio Storico 27</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">‘camp’ 89</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Canada 32, 45, 81, 123, 144, 148</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Cantona,<i> </i>Eric 145</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">CCTV 59, 100, 156</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">celebrity 6, 14-15, 37-39, 53, 80, 124 </span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">‘central’ sports 81, 83-85, 138</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Chambers, Dwain vii, 39</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">cheat(s) 17, 37, 55, 71, 100-101, 106, 109, 111, 139, 152</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">cheating 3, 7, 31, 41-42, 47-48, 53, 55, 65, 108, 112-113, 151-152, 156</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Chicago School 56, 67</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">China 35, 45, 93, 156</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Chastain, Brandi 97</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">christian(ity) 24, 145</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">chucking 28</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Cipriani, Danny 80</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">class vi, 17-19, 22-25, 59, 70, 76, 90, 94, 116, 136, 151</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">classicism 9, 55, 57-60</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Clear, the - see THG</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Cleary, Piepa 1</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">cockfighting 9, 19-22</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Coe, Sebastian 103, 111</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Collins, Tony 116</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Commonwealth Games 108, 129</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><i>Commonwealth v Collberg </i>23</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">conflict theory 73</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">‘controlology’ 56</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">control theories 71, 128</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">consent vi-vii, 7, 16, 24, 38, 123, 148-149, 151, 157</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">corruption vii, 1, 13, 15, 25, 27-29, 33, 35, 37-38, 50, 56, 58, 71, 75, 93, 98, 103, 107, 114-115, 117-118, 120, 145, 152-153</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">counterfeit 81, 112</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Countryside Alliance 21</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) vii-viii, 51-52, 71, 100-101, 111</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">‘CrashGate’ 41, 44</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">cricket 1-2, 15, 17, 28-34, 38, 46-47, 60, 75, 115, 118, 120</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">crime control 99, 101, 104</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">crime prevention 16, 19, 58, 91-92, 105, 120-121, 129, 131-132, 135-138, 143-144</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">criminal justice 99-101, 103-105, 107, 119, 153</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Cronje, Hansie 46, 115</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">crowd violence vii, 1, 12, 27, 29</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">cultural criminology 10, 69, 88, 91, 155</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">cultural spillover 69, 79</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">cycling vi, 12, 38, 41, 47-50, 70, 88, 90, 113-114, 120, 149</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">darts 92, </span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">‘dead rubbers’ 35, 47, 114</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">‘deflategate’ 42, 102</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">delinquents 61, 63</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Department of Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) 108</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">desistance 12, 16, 56, 83, 86, 121, 129, 141, 143-144, 156</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Denning, Lord 5, 30</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">differential association 67-70, 128</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">‘diving’ (in football) 12-13, 49, 77, 133</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">dog-fighting 21, 70</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">domestic violence 80, 83, 86-87, 93, 123-124, 148</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">doping 7, 47-48, 50-52, 56, 68, 97, 106, 108, 111-113, 120, 134, 153</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">drink(ing) 20, 71, 85, 88, 90</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">drink-driving 110</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">drugs vii, 5, 7, 39, 47-49, 67, 71, 85, 87, 103, 107, 109-110, 112-113, 125, 130, 141, 145-146, 150, 152</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>cheat(s) 37, 104, 108, 111</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>occupational 109</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>performance enhancing (PEDs) 7, 34, 38, 48, 62, 64, 107, 109, 110, 113, 117, 145, 152-153</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>perfomance-impeding 113</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>recreational 7, 52, 109, 145</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>test(ing) 7, 71, 101, 112</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>war on 103-104, 106, 109, 111, 152</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">due process 42, 51, 99, 101, 119</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Duke of Edinburgh Award (DoE) 139</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">‘EarGate’ 41, 44</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">ectomorph 61 </span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">edgework 10, 88, 90, 141</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><i>Enderby Town FC v The Football Association </i>5</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">endomorph 61</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Epilepsy 62</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">erythropoietin (EPO) 48</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">eSports 3</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">ethnography 83, 89, 91, 114, 129, 142</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Eupolos 117</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">European vii, 32, 34, 97, 100</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Europol 50</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">eugenics 61</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Fairbridge 140, 142</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">falconry 22</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Farah, Mo 105, 108</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">feminism 73, 76-77, 80, 97</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Festina 48-49, 68</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">field sports 8, 18</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">FIFA 5, 6, 38, 75, 88, 118-119, 145</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Fifpro (football player’s union) 101</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Fight Club 121-122, 125</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">fighting 1, 7, 17, 20, 23, 25, 62, 69, 88-89, 122, 125, 127</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Fight for Peace 122, 130, 143</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">finasteride 51</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><i>Flood v Kuhn </i>31</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">folk devils 72, 104</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">food allergies 62</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">football vii, 2, 5, 6, 11-12, 14, 17-20, 22, 24, 27-29, 37-41, 49-50, 52, 57, 59, 62, 63-65, 73, 79, 82, 86-87, 89, 100-101, 103-104, 114-115, 118, 121-122, 133, 135-139, 141, 145-147, 149-151, 154-155</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><i>Football Behind Bars </i>133</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">football hooliganism vii, 9, 12, 27, 73, 88, 155</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">fouls 49, 77</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><i>Four Four Two </i>49</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">fox hunting 20-23</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">fraud vii, 10, 37, 61, 114-115, 117, 142, 148, 157</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">France (see also Tour de France) 20, 25, 28, 31, 45</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">functionalism 9-10</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">gambling 12, 17, 19, 29, 35-36, 104, 115-116, 118</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">gamesmanship 114</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">gangs/ter 25, 45, 68-70, 80, 85, 88, 104, 115, 122, 129-130, 138, 149, 154</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Gasquet, Richard 50-52, 150</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Gatlin, Justin 108, 112</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">gay 73, 82, 147, 149, 151</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Gay Future 115-116</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">gender vii-viii, 1, 7-10, 17, 22, 25, 72, 79, 81-82, 84, 129, 135, 143, 148, 151-152</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">German Football Association (DFB) 117</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Germany 45, 114, 117</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><i>Girlfight </i>143</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Giro d’Italia 47</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">gladiators 24, 147</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women 79</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">golf 35-36, 47, 60, 69, 81-82, 93, 98, 116, 119, 138-139, 154, 156</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">gothic criminology 57</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">‘governing through doping’ 111</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">governmentality 106, 155</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Grace, W.G. 29</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Grand National 22</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><i>The Great Gatsby </i>139</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Griffith, Emile 151</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">gymnastics 95, 143</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">gypsy 144</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">green criminology 92-94, 155</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">grievous bodily harm 42</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Haffoty Wen Outdoor Activity Centre 140</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Hamilton, Tyler 39</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Harding, Tonya 45</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">harm 8, 11, 42, 90, 94-95, 150-151, 153, 155-156</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">harm perspective 150</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">harm reduction 110-111, 113</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Hatrak, Robert S. 127</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">health 43, 107, 110-113, 126, 128, 133, 144, 150</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">hegemonic masculinity 83-84</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">HMP/HMYOI</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Ashfield 126</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Doncaster 126</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Feltham 121</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Portland 133, 136</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">hockey (field) vi, 64</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Holyfield, Evander 44</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Home Office vi, 130</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">homophobia vi</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">hormone 48, 110</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">horse racing 2, 17, 22, 23, 38, 68, 93, 97, 115, 151</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">human rights 7, 101, 103, 107, 113, 153</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">hunting 3, 18, 20-23, 93</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Hussein, Nasser 46, 47</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Hyde, Marina 6, 119</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">hypermasculinity 56, 81</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">hyperandrogenism viii</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">International Athletics Associations Federation (IAAF) 97, 103, 108, 112</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">ice hockey vii, 9, 32, 43, 51, 57, 64, 69, 75, 81, 85, 139, 147</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">International Centre for Sport Security 99</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">International Golf Federation (IGF) 98</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">International Olympic Committee (IOC) 6, 88, 117</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">International Skating Union (ISU) 45</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">International Tennis Federation (ITF) 51, 150</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Italy 20, 27, 100, 117</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">IQ 62</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">‘jock’ 33, 84</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">jockey 23, 115</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Jockey Club 116</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Johnson, Jack 60, 123</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Jones, Marion 37, 39</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">joyriding 15, 88, 94, 121, 131</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">justice 97, 99-100, 111, 119, 150-153</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">King, Don 147</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Korea 41, 117</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">labelling 10, 71-73</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Landis, Floyd 50</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">League Against Cruel Sports (LACS) 20</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">left-handedness 62</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">left realism 56, 73, 76</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Leonard, Sugar Ray 126</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">lesbian 76, 149</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Leyton Orient Community Sports Programme 145</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Little League Baseball 117</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Lord Lonsdale 24</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">low blood sugar 62</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Lund, Zach 50-52, 109</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Luzira Prison 133</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">macho 90</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">‘malestream’ 77</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Mäntyranta, Eero 153</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Maradona, Diego 12, 145</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">marijuana 71, 109</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Marquis of Queensbury 24</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">martial arts 7-8, 92, 122, 154</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">marxism 73-74, 76-77</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">masculinity(ies) vi, 1, 14-15, 56, 70, 73, 77-78, 80-81, 83-84, 86, 88-91, 121, 122, 129, 130-131, 143, 147, 155</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Mayweather, Floyd 123-124, 150-151</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">‘mega events’ 98, 106-107, 118, 155-156</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Merritt, LaShawn vii</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Merzekane, Chaabane 114</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">mesomorph 61</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">methodology 3, 16</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">methods 3, 16, 151</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">midnight basketball 105, 136-138</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Ministry of Justice 126</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">miscarriages of justice 113</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Millar<i>, </i>David 39</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><i>Miller v Jackson </i>30</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><i>Million Dollar Baby </i>143</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Modafinil 152</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Modahl, Diane 7, 52, 108, 109-110, 121</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">moral(s) 63-64, 68, 76, 112, 128, 139, 141</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">moral panic 72, 90, 104</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">morphine 97</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">motor projects 131, 141, 145</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">motor sports 131</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Muay Thai (Thai boxing) 125</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">muscular christianity 145</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">muslim 144</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">National Football League (NFL) 81</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Gameday Central 102</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">National Hockey League 9</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">National Hunt racing 22, 151</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">National Collegiate Athletic Association 36</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">National Basketball Association (NBA) 21, 81, 116</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Netball 40</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">new criminology 73</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">New England Patriots 102</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">New Labour 145</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">New Orleans Saints 42</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">neurotransmitter imbalances 62</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">neutralisation 70</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">nutritional supplements 49, 112</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>as ‘gateway’ 62</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Offender Group Reconviction Scale (OGRS) 133, 141</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">‘old firm’ effect 86</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Olympics vi, 7, 24, 37, 45, 78, 106, 143, 152, 153</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Athens 78</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>boycotts 4</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>London 41, 78</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Mexico 97</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Munich 10</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Seoul 117</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Outward Bound 142</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">‘operant conditioning’ 63</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">organised crime 36, 38, 50, 99</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">‘overconformity’ 8-9, 35</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race 62</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Pakistan 118</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Paralympics vi, 6</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Paret, Benny ‘Kid’ 151</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">parkour 22, 88, 91, 92, 95, 149-150</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">parole 100, 125, 127</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">peacemaking 75</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Pechstein, Claudia 100-101</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><i>People v Jovanovic </i>148</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) 37-38, 48, 62, 64, 73, 107, 109-110, 113, 145, 152-153</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">pinball 35</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><i>Porridge </i>126</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">‘positive deviance’ 10, 35, 51, 64, 66-67</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">positivism 56, 58-62, 64, 76</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Premier League 40, 49-50, 56, 79, 133, 135 </span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">probation 3, 34, 45, 100, 131, 140, 145</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Prince’s Trust 140</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">prison 3, 9, 24, 34, 37, 39-40, 47, 60, 104, 121-127, 133-136, 142-145</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Prison Fight 124-125</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">privacy 103</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">professional(s) 1, 12, 18, 25-26, 29-34, 42, 47-48, 50-51, 65, 82, 89, 91, 98,109, 118, 126, 139</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Professional Golf Association (PGA) 47, 98</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">protest masculinity 90</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">psychoanalysis 62, 121</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">psychodynamic 89</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">public school vi, 122</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Puritans 18, 19</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Quakers 19</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">queer 89, 155</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">queer criminology 155</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Quidditch 144</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Radcliffe, Paula 108</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">radical criminology 73, 76, 151</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">race 133, 137</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">racism vi, 51, 123</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Rahway State Prison, New Jersey 127</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">rational choice theory 63, 88</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">rape 38, 52, 69, 77, 81, 83, 88, 149</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">red card 16, 97</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">referee 16, 24, 71, 100-103, 117, 147, 149, 152, 154-155</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">restorative justice 44, 102</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Rice, Ray 80, 119, 151</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">right realism 71, 110</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">riot 26, 29, 75</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">robot 102, 118</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">roller blading 91</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">ropes adventure courses 141</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">routine activity theory 58</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">rowing 64, 95</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">rugby 2, 43, 100, 121, 135-136, 138, 147, 149</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Rugby League 38, 43, 151</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Rugby Union vi, 43-44, 57, 66-67, 80, 112, 122, 136, 151</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">running 92, 95, 122, 136, 148-149</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">rural criminology 92-93</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">rural sport 20, 22</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Russia 45, 120, 143</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><i>R v Brown </i>7<i>, </i>147<i>-</i>149</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">sado-masochism 7, 148</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">sailing 95, 140</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Salazaar, Alberto 108, 110</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">scandals 3, 17, 31, 37-38, 40, 46-48, 50, 53, 71, 120, 151</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Scotland 35, 86</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Scott, James 127</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Semenya, Caster viii, 101</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Serious Games 148</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">sexism vi</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">sexual assault 37-38, 77, 83</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">sexual violence 83, 134, 157</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">sex work 79, 147</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">shooting 2, 19, 21-22, 24</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">‘SkateGate’ 41, 45</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">sky diving 90</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Simpson, O. J. 33, 37</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">simulation (see also ‘diving’) 13, 49, 81</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">sin 57</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">‘sin bin’ 57</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">situational crime prevention 58, 91</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">skateboarding 88, 91</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">skating 32, 45-46, 69</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">skiing 64, 134</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">soccer (see also football) 2, 16, 17, 77, 79-84, 131, 136, 145</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">social control 9, 10, 13, 17, 24, 88, 90, 121, 155,-56</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">sociology of sport vii, 1, 2, 7, 11-13, 35, 38, 56, 104, 150</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Solo, Hope 79-80</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">somatype 61</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">South Africa 4, 6, 41, 46, 79</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">sports criminology vii, 1, 4, 7-8, 11-16, 30, 45, 49, 62, 72, 104-105, 111, 115, 120, 146, 148, 150-151, 153, 155-157</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">sport in prison 122, 144</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">‘sportization process’ 92</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Sports Based Initiative (SBI) 144, 145</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">sports law vii, 1, 4, 6-9, 11, 13-14, 56, 92, 100, 109, 113, 150</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">sports lawyer 39, 45, 55, 118</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Sports Related Crimes (SRC) 14</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Stallings, Scott 47</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">steroid(s) 37, 47, 51, 64, 11-114</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">strain theory 64, 67</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">‘Strategic Intentional Fouls’ 49, 139</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Suarez, Luis 56</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">sub-culture 56, 67, 70, 73, 81, 88, 92</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Sumo 17-18, 34-35, 37-38, 64</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Super Bowl effect 80, 86-87</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">surveillance 8, 10, 48, 59, 103, 106, 109, 112, 155</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">swimming vi, 32, 41, 69, 82, 143</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Taekwondo 154</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Taiwan 117</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">tattoos 59, 60, 71</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">television match official 57</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">tennis 15, 29, 47, 50-51, 64, 77, 82, 119, 136</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">‘textbookification’ 56</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">terrorism 9, 10, 98, 119</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">testosterone viii, 47, 62, 108</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Tevez, Carlos 5</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Therapeutic Use Exemptions (TUEs) 109-110</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Thailand 124-125</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">THG (tetrahydrogestrinone) 37</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><i>The Great Gatsby </i>139</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Thorne, Willie 15</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">three strikes 153</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">tiddlywinks 136</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Tough Mudder 148</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Tour de France 12, 30, 39, 47-48, 90, 105, 107, 114</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">track (and field) vii, 5, 33, 34, 37, 65, 77, 82, 84</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">trafficking</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>drugs 48</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>people 78-79, 81, 87, 98, 123</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">transparency 46, 105, 107, 109, 112, 117-118</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Transparency in Sport 11</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">traveller 144</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">triathlon vi, 149</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">TV vi, 21, 44, 80, 82, 104, 127, 133, 136</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Tyson, Mike 14, 44, 55, 81, 90, 91, 123-124</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Ultimate Fighting Championship 7</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">umpire 29, 31, 100</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">United States Anti Doping Agency (USADA) 109</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">United States Track and Field vii</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Vick, Michael 21, 81</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">video games 3, 55, 92, 142, 148, 153</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">video 12, 46, 117, 119, 125</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">victim(s) 14, 38, 42, 58, 70, 73, 76, 78-79, 81, 85, 110-111, 116, 124, 129, 131, 147</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">victimology 9, 14, 113, 155</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Victorians 19-20, 24</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">violence 69, 71, 78-81, 83-85, 87, 89-91, 119, 121, 129, 131-135, 138, 147-148, 150-151, 154, 157</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>against women 78, 80-83, 86-87, 93, 123-124, 157</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><i>volenti non fit injuria </i>7</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">vitamins 110</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">World Anti Doping Agency (WADA) 8, 49, 98</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">walking 95, 130</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">‘wanted deviance’ 64-65</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">‘war on drugs’ see drugs, war on</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">water polo vi</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">wheelchair marathon vi</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Wilde, Oscar 24</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Williams, Tom 43</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Williams, Venus 53</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Winter Olympics 45, 51, 78</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Turin 51</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Salt Lake City 45</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Vancouver 78</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">women 62, 73, 76-85, 87, 89, 92, 97, 121, 123-124, 131, 134, 142-143, 149, 155, 157</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>and crime 76-77</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">women’s</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>soccer 77, 79</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Woods, Tiger 53</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">World Cup vi, 6, 10, 12, 56, 79, 87, 97, 106, 114</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">World Prison Fight Association 125</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">World Sport Integrity Agency 99</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">wrestling 23-24, 26, 38, 65, 69, 82, 89</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Wright, Ian 133</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">yellow card 16, 97</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">yoga 132, 144</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">youth justice 15, 91</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Xpro 40</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">XYY supermale syndrome 61</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">zemiology 14, 150</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">zero tolerance 41, 52, 71, 75, 97, 111</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">‘zookeepers of deviance’ 88</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">zumba 144</span></div>
sports criminologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10498578238084789398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8614113421924570560.post-88848392323552755372016-01-05T12:07:00.004-08:002016-01-05T12:07:39.786-08:00Sport/Media effects<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;">
Beth Adubato asks, “Does a highly identified sports fan feel a strong bond while watching his favorite football players and then exhibit violent, copycat behavior?” Using the media, copycat framework, this research looked at five categories of domestic violence arrests in the city of Philadelphia on Eagles’ “gamedays,” for an 8-hr period, beginning with kick-off time. These relationships were tested using comparison of means tests. The mean average of domestic violence arrests on football was statistically significantly different from both comparison Sundays and other sports “gamedays.” As predicted, there was no statistically significant difference between home and away games, removing the possible bias that fans were at the game and then became violent.</div>
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She does this in an article in the <a href="http://jss.sagepub.com/content/40/1/22"><i>Journal of Sport and Social Issues</i></a> February 2016 vol. 40 no. 1 22-37. This came too late for inclusion in my <i>Sports Criminology</i> book to be published in summer by Policy. However, I do address the issue and this is my take on the issue.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 11px; line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span>Super Bowl effect</div>
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What of the Super Bowl effect in the States or the ‘Old Firm’ derby effect in Scotland? It is alleged and frequently repeated by the media that domestic violence rises on the occasion of these matches. The Super Bowl is played annually between the winners of the American and National Football Conferences. The ‘Old Firm’ derby is played between Glasgow Rangers and Celtic; the two most successful Scottish football teams who have played each other about 400 times. When Rangers were liquidated (for tax offences) at the end of the 2011/12 season and demoted to the fourth tier of the league another 3 years was to pass before they met again in a Cup Match.</div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://www.apple.com/">Crowley et al (2014)</a></span> were commissioned by the Scottish Government to explore the correlation between ‘certain matches football and domestic abuse’. They found that research based upon incidents reported to the police found that relative to various comparators, there was an increase in recorded domestic abuse incidents on the day the fixtures were played between 13-138.8%, depending on a number of variables: the day of the week the match took place; the comparator day/event; and the salience/outcome of a match. Such nuance and recognition of confounding variables is rare. They are critical of <a href="http://sgo.sagepub.com/content/3/3/2158244013504207"><span style="line-height: normal;">Williams et al (2013)</span></a> for failing to take into account the comparators they use; for instance Scotland International Matches, take place during the week not the weekend and there are issues about the time period covered around the match. Though Williams et al (2013) only claim their analysis to be preliminary they confirm the association between Old Firm matches and reports of domestic violence. The natural experiment of 3 years gap in such derbies may spark further investigation.</div>
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Both Crowley et al (2014) and Williams et al (2013) cite <a href="http://samples.sainsburysebooks.co.uk/9781135257347_sample_527423.pdf"><span style="line-height: normal;">Gantz et al (2009) </span></a>who examined the Super Bowl using police recorded domestic violence incidents taken from 15 cities with NFL teams over a six year period. The analysis suggested that domestic violence in a city increased both when the local team played during the season, and during the Superbowl (whether or not there was local allegiance to the competing teams). The Superbowl was seen to result in an average increase of 244 domestic violence incidents per city which represented 6.5% of incidents that day. Factors to be considered are that the Superbowl is the last game of the season and a public holiday which introduces factors, such as people being cooped up together, it being winter and lots of alcohol being consumed.</div>
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As with claims of trafficking their is a danger of media hype and use by campaigning groups of media opportunities around high profile events. Thus Snopes investigative website lists the claimed rise of domestic violence on Super Bowl Sunday as ‘false’. Following Gantz et al (2009) and others (uncited) they found Christmas to the busiest time for domestic violence shelters. This raises the issue of whether we should ban christmas because of this.</div>
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Snopes also mention the work of <a href="http://jrc.sagepub.com/content/51/3/259.abstract"><span style="line-height: normal;">Kirby et al (2014)</span></a> which does not appear to assist them as they claim, ‘Every time England loses the World Cup, domestic violence against women raises 38%.’ But Crowley et al (2014) argue much of this effect might be attributed to other factors, particularly alcohol. Kirby et al (2014) note the deficiencies of their own study too and conclude where and when the violence occurred, the precipitating factors prior to it occurring; the level of violence; consumption of drugs or alcohol; and a comparison between the expected and final result. This latter issue is taken up by <a href="http://qje.oxfordjournals.org/content/126/1/103.full"><span style="line-height: normal;">Card and Dahl (2011) </span></a>who, as economists, discuss ‘family violence’ in terms of ‘intra-family incentives’! They tested this in respect of reports to police on Sundays associated with American Football. Controlling for variables like, weather, time and ‘pre-game point spread’ etc found that if the home team was expected to win by more than 3 points but lost there was an 8% increase in male-on-female violence. This is taken to show the significance of non-instrumental factors.</div>
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In the preface to my I acknowledge that I am a sports fan but that some of my opinions on drugs and gender would not find favour with all. <a href="http://www.nyit.edu/index.php/profiles/details/beth_adubato/">She</a> is also a fan and a media professional and her husband commentates ice hockey.</div>
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Her argument is not about sport so much as media coverage of it. She picks up on some of the same issues I do and notes the media criticisms and misuse of earlier work. So I am grateful now to know of Janet E. Katz and Garland F. White’s <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/29766755?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">‘Engaging the Media: A Case Study of the Politics of Crime and the Media Social’</a> on the reception of their work of them with Kathryn E. Scarborough on <a href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/springer/vav/1992/00000007/00000002/art00005?crawler=true">‘The Impact of Professional Football Games Upon Violent Assaults on Women’</a>. I think we agree that it is not sport’s ‘fault’ - though sports authorities not blameless - and that masculinities may have something. Think we might part company on the ’media effects’. I incline to <a href="http://www.theory.org.uk/david/effects.htm">Gauntlett</a> on these matters.</div>
sports criminologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10498578238084789398noreply@blogger.com0